Drugs and substances use

Which of the following best defines substance abuse?

• Occasional use of legal substances for relaxation

• Recurrent self-administration of any substance causing harm to the individual or society

• Dependence on medically prescribed drugs only

• Use of natural products without medical supervision

Which of the following combinations correctly represents the three main variables influencing drug dependence?

• Pharmacological, Psychological, Sociological

• Drug, Host, Environment

• Physical, Chemical, Emotional

• Biological, Psychological, Cultural

Which of the following is NOT an agent (drug) variable influencing dependence?

• Cost and availability

• Mode of administration

• Genetic predisposition

• Purity and potency

Drugs that have strong reinforcing properties primarily act by:

Which statement best describes psychological dependence?

• Physical need for the drug due to altered metabolism

• Craving and compulsive drug-seeking despite awareness of harm

• Tolerance caused by repeated exposure

• Withdrawal symptoms after single use

Which of the following best explains pharmacokinetic (dispositional) tolerance?

• The body metabolizes the drug faster after repeated use

• The number of receptors decreases after chronic exposure

• The user learns to perform tasks under the influence

• The drug causes increased dopamine release

Which of the following best describes pharmacodynamic tolerance?

• Reduced receptor sensitivity to the drug

• Increased metabolism through the liver

• Learning to function despite intoxication

• Reduced absorption from the gut

Which of the following is an example of learned (behavioral) tolerance?

• A. Liver enzymes upregulate after repeated drug exposure

• B. Drug users develop compensatory skills to perform under influence

• C. Receptors are downregulated after chronic exposure

• D. Withdrawal symptoms reduce with time

Which statement best differentiates tolerance from dependence?

• A. Tolerance is psychological, dependence is physical

• B. Tolerance is reduced effect after repeated use, dependence is craving and withdrawal

• C. Both are identical phenomena

• D. Dependence occurs only with illicit drugs

Which neurotransmitter pathway is most associated with drug reward and reinforcement?

• Nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway

• Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

• Tuberoinfundibular pathway

• Serotonergic raphe pathway