What are cytokines?

• A subset of chemokines that induce cell migration

• A broad category of proteins that regulate immune cell function, inflammation, and tissue repair

• Proteins that only attract immune cells to infection sites

• Hormones that regulate metabolism

Fill in the blank: Chemokines are a subset of cytokines that specifically induce the _______ of immune cells (chemotaxis).

• migration

• activation

• differentiation

• apoptosis

Which of the following is a primary function of chemokines?

• Regulating tissue growth

• Attracting immune cells to sites of infection or injury

• Promoting metabolism

• Repairing DNA

Cytokines are the hormones of which system?

• Digestive system

• Immune system

• Nervous system

• Respiratory system

Fill in the blank: Cytokines are small proteins that are secreted by both ______ and non-______ cells and pass signals between each other.

• immune; immune

• nerve; nerve

• muscle; muscle

• epithelial; epithelial

What do cytokines bind to in order to trigger a biological response in the receiving cell?

• Receptors

• Enzymes

• Hormones

• Antibodies

According to the diagram, what is the biological effect of cytokine binding to its receptor on the target cell?

• Cell death

• Gene activation

• Protein synthesis

• Cell division

Cytokines are only secreted by immune cells.

• True

• False

What are chemokines referred to as in the immune system?

• The 'trail of breadcrumbs'

• The 'shield of defense'

• The 'builders of tissue'

• The 'destroyers of pathogens'

Chemokines are released by immune cells and attract other immune cells to the site of ______ or injury.

• infection

• digestion

• respiration

• excretion