Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

• Learning through consequences

• Learning through association

• Learning through observation

• Learning through imitation

Who pioneered classical conditioning?

• B.F. Skinner

• John Watson

• Ivan Pavlov

• Albert Bandura

In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell before conditioning is known as the:

• Unconditioned stimulus

• Neutral stimulus

• Conditioned stimulus

• Conditioned response

What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?

• The bell sound

• The salivation to food

• The salivation to bell

• The sight of food bowl

Which principle refers to responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned one?

• Extinction

• Generalisation

• Discrimination

• Adaptation

In classical conditioning, discrimination means:

• Failing to respond to all stimuli

• Responding only to specific stimuli

• Forgetting the conditioned response

• Responding randomly to all cues

During systematic desensitisation, the second step involves:

• Practising relaxation techniques

• Gradual exposure to fear stimuli

• Creating an anxiety hierarchy

• Pairing fear with punishment

B.F. Skinner is associated with which type of learning?

• Observational learning

• Operant conditioning

• Insight learning

• Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning focuses primarily on:

• The association of two stimuli

• The consequences following behaviour

• Observing others’ behaviour

• Instinctive reactions

Positive reinforcement increases behaviour by:

• Adding a pleasant stimulus

• Removing a pleasant stimulus

• Removing an unpleasant stimulus

• Adding an unpleasant stimulus