Which of the following best explains why Earth’s atmosphere does not escape into space?

• The magnetic field traps gases

• The ozone layer prevents gas loss

• The gravitational pull of Earth retains atmospheric gases

• The Coriolis effect stabilizes atmospheric particles

The ozone layer protects life on Earth primarily by:

• Trapping infrared radiation

• Absorbing ultraviolet radiation

• Reflecting visible light

• Blocking cosmic rays

A star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel and collapses into an extremely dense point is called a:

• Neutron star

• Black hole

• White dwarf

• Red giant

Which of the following processes releases the most carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?

• Photosynthesis

• Ocean uptake

• Volcanic eruptions

• Combustion of fossil fuels

If the Earth’s axial tilt were reduced from 23.5° to 0°, what would happen?

• The equator would experience permanent night

• Seasons would disappear

• The planet would heat up dramatically

• The days would lengthen

Which of the following best explains why Mercury experiences extreme temperature variations between day and night?

• Lack of atmosphere

• High albedo

• High rotational speed

• Strong magnetic field

The most abundant element in Earth’s crust is:

• Iron

• Silicon

• Oxygen

• Aluminum

Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength?

• X-rays

• Gamma rays

• Ultraviolet

• Infrared

In the water cycle, transpiration refers to:

• Evaporation from oceans

• Evaporation from soil

• Release of water vapor from plants

• Condensation of clouds

Which statement best explains why volcanic eruptions can temporarily cool Earth’s climate?

• They release carbon dioxide that absorbs heat

• Ash clouds reflect sunlight away from Earth

• Lava flows absorb solar radiation

• Eruptions increase ocean salinity