In the context of research sampling, what is the primary difference between a Population and a Sample?

Population is the entire group of interest; Sample is the selected subset.

Population is contacted; Sample is interviewed.

Sample is the whole group; Population is the part.

Population is qualitative; Sample is quantitative.

What is the primary characteristic of an unstructured interview?

The researcher uses a few questions to permit the participant to share information freely and openly.

The researcher uses an interview guide with pre-determined, fixed questions.

The participant is only allowed to respond with "yes" or "no" answers.

The interview takes place in a large group setting.

A researcher wants to understand the daily interactions and non-verbal cues within a senior high school classroom. Which data collection method is best suited for grasping this complex social phenomenon?

Observation, because it can capture behaviors, context, and non-verbal communication in the natural setting.

Semi-structured Interviews, because they cover a specific set of topics.

Focus Group Discussions, because they encourage group interaction.

Document Analysis, because it provides a historical background.

Why would a researcher choose an unstructured interview over a semi-structured interview?

To allow full emergence and guidance of the conversation, capturing their stories and experiences in depth.

To ensure high reliability by asking the exact same questions to every participant.

To ensure all key topics determined beforehand are definitely covered.

To collect data quickly from a large number of people.

During observation, a researcher is acting as a "Participant as Observer". What does this role primarily imply about the researcher's relationship with the group being studied?

The researcher is a known member of the group but assumes a secondary role to prioritize the observation.

The researcher is a detached outsider who never interacts with the group.

The researcher fully immerses as a member, concealing their research role.

The researcher only observes the setting without interacting with any people.

A researcher is using semi-structured interviews. Why is having an interview guide critical to the success of this method?

The guide ensures that the key topics related to the research questions are addressed.

The guide ensures the exact wording of questions is consistent for quantitative analysis.

The guide allows the researcher to record non-verbal cues during the interview.

The guide is only used for data analysis after the interview is completed.

In a study, the researcher decides to switch from unstructured observation to structured observation. What is the most likely reason for this change in the data collection strategy?

The researcher decided to shift the focus to counting and recording the frequency of a few defined behaviors.

The researcher realized the need to interview the participants immediately after observation.

The researcher wanted to switch from collecting text-based data to numerical data.

The researcher found that the participants were too aware of being observed.

A study employs unstructured interviews to gather rich, detailed narratives. Which factor poses the greatest challenge to data analysis in this method compared to structured interviews?

The lack of uniformity in the topics covered and the order of information across key informants.

Difficulty in transcribing the audio recordings.

The risk of collecting data that is too general and lacks depth.

Participants might feel uncomfortable sharing personal information.

A researcher proposes using structured observation (using a checklist of behaviors) to study teacher-student interactions for an Ethnographic study. Based on the characteristics of Ethnography; culture description, and extensive field work, how should this choice be evaluated?

It is generally poor practice, as structured observation limits the description of the natural setting, context, and behaviors.

It is acceptable, but only if the researcher does not participate in the classroom activities.

It is the ideal method, as it ensures objectivity and ease of data analysis.

It is a necessary first step before moving on to unstructured interviews.

When a researcher uses an interview guide in a semi-structured interview, which principle is being prioritized in the data collection process?

Balancing the need for systematic data collection and in-depth exploration of the unique experience.

Eliminating all subjectivity from the data collection.

Achieving statistical representativeness of the sample.

Ensuring the participant only answers the pre-set questions.

A study involving sensitive and complex experiences is being conducted. The researcher chose to use Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Which potential drawback of FGDs should the researcher be most concerned about evaluating and controlling?

The possibility that dominant participants may suppress other participants.

The cost of transcribing the data.

The risk of getting too much detailed information.

The difficulty of getting participants to talk about the topic.

A qualitative study aims to explore the shared experiences of indigenous artists selling their crafts online. The researcher has already identified the target participants. Which of the following data collection plans creates the best combination to understand both individual experience and market interactions?

Semi-structured Interviews to understand individual experience and Unstructured Observation to see how they interact with buyers in the online space.

Structured Interviews to get quick answers on market interactions and Unstructured Observation to see how they interact with buyers in the online space.

Focus Group Discussions only to encourage group consensus and Semi-structured Interviews to understand individual experience.

Structured Observation only to count the number of sales and Structured Interviews to understand standard individual experience.

A researcher is designing an interview protocol for a study on "Student-Teacher Relationship Dynamics." To ensure the protocol is semi-structured, which element should the researcher create for the instrument?

A list of open-ended questions/topics to be covered, with probing questions.

A fixed, numbered list of closed-ended questions.

A pre-defined coding scheme to analyze the answers.

A log of the non-verbal cues displayed by the teacher during the interview.

The goal is to deeply understand the culture of a professional sports team (Ethnography). Which plan for data collection and researcher role should the researcher create to achieve an emic (insider's) perspective?

Use a prolonged period of Observation while acting as "Participant as Observer".

Use a structured interview with the team manager only.

Use a Focus Group Discussion with the players in a meeting room.

Use a quick, one-time structured observation in a practice session.

A researcher gives a small gift or certificate to key informants after an interview. The best reason for preparing this token for key informants is to:

Show appreciation and build rapport for their voluntary participation.

Compensate them for their lost wages.

Guarantee that they recommend more participants.

The purpose of Informed Consent in research is best described as:

To ensure the participant fully understands the study's risks, benefits, and their rights, and voluntarily agrees to participate.

To obtain the participant's signature, age, the financial status of the parents, and academic records for legal purposes only.

To secure permission from the institution where the study is conducted.

To formally validate the interview questions before use.

A researcher has already finalized the interview guide. What next immediate step in the Data Gathering Plan that should be applied to enhance the instrument's credibility before its actual use?

Validate the research questions for the interview

Collect the tokens for key informants.

Finalize the transcription procedure.

The preparation of a Recording Device and Field Notes are complementary steps. What is the key difference in the type of data they are best designed to capture?

The recording device captures the verbatim speech and tonal expression, while field notes capture non-verbal cues and contextual observations.

Both capture the same information but serve as a backup for each other.

The recording device captures quantitative data, while field notes capture qualitative data.

The recording device is for structured interviews, and field notes are for unstructured ones.

What is the essential link between the Parents' Consent and the Assent Form when conducting research with minors?

Parents' Consent provides the legal permission, while the Assent Form ensures the minor participant's willing participation.

Both documents must be signed by the minor participant.

The Assent Form is only needed if the parents refuse to sign the Parents' Consent.

The Parents' Consent is submitted to the institution, and the Assent Form is kept by the researcher adviser and the researcher.

A researcher's Data Gathering Plan specifies that all 25 semi-structured interviews (averaging 60 minutes each) will be completed within a single, four-day week (Monday to Thursday). The plan does not account for scheduling delays or transcription time. How should this plan be evaluated regarding feasibility and the completeness of the procedure?

The plan is weak, as the compressed timeline fails to account for the necessary time required for securing consent, scheduling, travel, transcription, and initial coding, making the procedure unrealistic.

The plan is acceptable, as transcription of four informants can be done later, outside the scope of the data gathering.

The plan is excellent because it demonstrates efficiency and speed in data collection.

The plan is weak, as 25 interviews require a minimum of three researchers.

A researcher decides to skip the step of validating the research questions for interview. Which aspect of the study's quality is most at risk due to this decision?

The reliability and trustworthiness of the collected data

The cost-effectiveness of the study.

The researcher's ability to prepare the Transmittal Letter.

The success of obtaining an Assent Form from the participants.

A student is creating the logistical sequence for data collection after receiving approval. Which set of steps demonstrates the most logical and ethical flow in the Data Gathering Plan?

Prepare Transmittal Letter, Obtain Informed Consent, Conduct Interview, and Offer Token.

Conduct Interview Prepare Field Notes Obtain Informed Consent.

Prepare Token Obtain Informed Consent Prepare Field Notes Conduct Interview.

Prepare Transmittal Letter Conduct Interview Prepare Informed Consent Offer Token.

A researcher is interviewing Key Informants who primarily speak a local dialect. To ensure the interview guide is effective and questions are fully understood, which critical preparatory step must the researcher create?

Translate the questions into the local language.

Speak English slowly to the informants.

Use only short, simple questions.

Provide a printed English copy of the questions.

Why is it necessary for the written methodology to explicitly justify the choice of the Research Design?

To demonstrate the methodological fit between the design's purpose and the study.

To prove the researcher is familiar with various designs.

To determine the statistical significance of the findings.

To ensure the study is completed in a short amount of time.

If a researcher states their Data Analysis Procedure involves Thematic Analysis, this implies they will be:

Identifying, coding, and grouping recurring patterns of meaning within the textual data.

Determining the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Calculating the mean and standard deviation of numerical data.

Statistically validating the survey questionnaire used.

A researcher using a Grounded Theory design is writing the Data Analysis Procedure. Which step must they include to properly apply this design's analytic rigor?

Detailing the iterative process of Open Coding, Axial Coding, and Selective Coding.

Running a t-test on the coded data.

Presenting the data primarily through descriptive statistics.

Using an established coding manual from a previous study.

A Narrative Research study uses a Semi-Structured Interview Guide instead of a Structured Observation Checklist. Why is the guide more appropriate?

The guide follows the participant's story and captures rich, subjective details.

The checklist is only for measuring behavior.

The checklist violates ethical standards.

The guide is only for demographics.

The description of Participants and Sampling must be logically analyzed against the constraints and goals of the chosen Research Design. If the goal is Phenomenology, which sampling characteristic is essential for methodological coherence?

Selecting participants who have shared the same specific experience being studied.

Selecting a large sample size of over 100 participants.

Selecting participants based purely on who is easiest to reach.

Selecting participants who represent the general population using random sampling.

A written methodology for a qualitative study outlines the Data Analysis Procedure as: "Data will be transcribed and summarized." How should this description be evaluated in terms of ensuring the trustworthiness of the findings?

Insufficient, as it lacks detail on the systematic.

Excellent, because summarization is the final goal of all qualitative research

Acceptable, as simplicity is key to clear research.

It is only applicable for Case Study designs.

Practical Research 1: Summative Q2 Quiz

1.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Which qualitative research design is described as originating from anthropology and using observation over an extended period of time as the primary data collection method?

Phenomenology

Grounded Theory

Ethnography

Case Study

2.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

Purposive sampling, to select individuals with expertise relevant to the study's purpose.

Quota sampling, to ensure exact proportionate representation.

Simple random sampling, for equal probability of selection.

Practical Research 1: Summative Q2

85 questions

Which qualitative research design is described as originating from anthropology and using observation over an extended period of time as the primary data collection method?

What is the main focus of a Phenomenological research design?

If a researcher's goal is to understand the "essence" of a particular phenomenon as experienced by a specific group of people, which research design would be the most suitable to capture this subjective experience?

A research study uses in-depth interviews and aims to conceptualize a phenomenon by systematically developing a theory from the data collected. This approach originates from sociology. This description best fits which research design?

A sociologist wants to study the unspoken rules and daily life of the Badjao community by living among its members for a year to gain an "insider's view" (emic perspective). Which research design is the most appropriate choice?

You are a researcher and wanted to focus on one single person's journey through the K-12 education system, collecting and telling stories about one's specific experiences over a period of time. Which qualitative design should you use?

In a study designed to understand a given phenomenon by focusing on the "how and why" of an observed behavior without manipulating it, where the boundaries between the context and the phenomenon are unclear, which design's characteristics align best?

Why would a researcher choose a Grounded Theory design over a Case Study design when examining the process of "teacher burnout" among new educators?

A research committee is reviewing a proposal to study a small team's internal structure and work-life balance using multiple data sources (interviews, documents, observation). The proposal suggests using Ethnography. Which critique, based on design purpose, is the most valid?

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