In order to perceive colour vision, it is necessary: 1) for there to be a sufficient amount of light (ambient luminosity). 2) at night to look at the point to be observed at an angle of 15°. 3) to allow the eye a period of time to get used to the light. 4) to avoid white light

• 1 and 4 only are correct.

• 1 only is correct.

• 3 only is correct.

• 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

What counter-measure can be used against a barotrauma of the middle ear (aerotitis)?

• Stop climbing, start descent.

• Increase rate of descent.

• Close the mouth, pinch the nose tight and blow out thereby increasing the pressure in the mouth and throat. At the same time try to swallow or move lower jaw (Valsalva).

• Pilots should apply anti-cold remedies prior every flight to prevent barotrauma in the middle ear.

When accelerating forward the otoliths in the utriculus/sacculus will:

• give the illusion of banking.

• give the illusion of climbing (body tilting backwards, nose of the ale going up).

• give the illusion of straight and level flight.

• give the illusion of descending (body tilting downwards, or forwards, nose of the airplane going down).

How is a roll change sensed?

• Roll change is sensed by chalk-like crystals, the vestibular nerve is stimulated and the nerve impulses transmitted to the brain.

• The middle ear senses roll, the vestibular nerve is stimulated and the nerve impulses transmitted to the brain.

• Hair in the semicircular canals sense fluid motion caused by roll, the vestibular nerve is stimulated and the nerve impulses transmitted to the brain.

• The roll is sensed by hair in the Eustachian tube, the vestibular nerve is stimulated and the nerve impulses transmitted to the brain.

If runway slopes downwards, what is a pilot likely to do?

• Make an approach with too low speed.

• Land short.

• Make a shallow approach.

• Land long.

Flying with a "common cold":

• is permitted as long as you are on treatment with antibiotics.

• will cause infection in other crew members if you are flying in a pressurised aircraft.

• may lead to incapacitation due to severe sinus or ear pain.

• increases the risk of hypertension.

Which of the following statements are correct? 1) Modern aircraft allow for 50% - 60% relative humidity in the cabin air under any conditions of flight, which is satisfactory for the body. 2) Thirst is a belated symptom of dehydration. 3) Dehydration may lead to clinical manifestations such as dizziness and fatigue. 4) Drinking excessive quantities of water must be avoided since resistance to periods of low hydration will otherwise be lost.

• 1, 4

• 2, 3

• 2, 3, 4

• 1, 2, 4

The rate and depth of breathing is primarily regulated by the concentration of:

• oxygen in the cells.

• water vapour in the alveoli.

• nitrogen in the air.

• carbon dioxide in the blood.

Which of the following statements is true concerning regular physical exercise: 1) it increases pulse rate and stroke volume in the short term. 2) it reduces blood pressure and heart rate in the long term. 3) it increases the human tolerance to hypoxia.

• 1, 2, 3

• 1, 2

• 1

• 1, 3

If you are subjected to an illusion during night flying you should:

• rely on instruments.

• use your oxygen mask.

• dim the cockpit lighting.

• scan the surroundings.