Immunity A2

To try and prevent entry of microorganisms

To produce antibodies immediately

To destroy all cells in the infected area

To increase body temperature

Phagocytosis

Antibody production

Memory cell formation

Vaccination

It is immediate and non-selective

It is tailored to the specific pathogen

It only involves skin and mucous membranes

It does not involve lymphocytes

Because the specific response involves lymphocytes and memory cells, which remember the pathogen for future responses, while the non-specific response does not create memory.

Because the non-specific response is faster and more effective.

Because the specific response only targets bacteria.

Because the non-specific response uses antibodies.

Lysozyme

Hydrochloric acid

Mucus

Bile

By clotting blood

By hydrolysing bacterial cell walls and bursting bacteria

By trapping micro-organisms in mucus

By producing antibodies

Chemical barriers

Passive expulsion mechanisms

Active immune responses

Hormonal responses

Mucus traps micro-organisms and cilia move them towards the glottis for expulsion

Cilia produce mucus to destroy bacteria

Mucus neutralizes acids and cilia absorb nutrients

Cilia and mucus both produce antibodies

The process by which large particles are taken up by cells via plasma-membrane derived vesicles.

The process by which cells divide to form new tissues.

The process by which oxygen is transported in the blood.

The process by which nutrients are absorbed in the intestines.

Increased blood flow to the area.

Accumulation of pus.

Loss of plasma from the blood.

Presence of bacteria.