What are pathogens?

• Microscopic organisms that are always beneficial to the human body.

• Microscopic organisms that can cause illness.

• Large molecules that are only transmitted between humans.

• Visible organisms that protect the body from disease.

Which of the following characteristics describes viruses?

• They are single-celled organisms with a nucleus.

• They are made of genetic material wrapped in a protein coat and lack cells.

• They are multicellular organisms that release spores.

• They are animal-like organisms that feed off what humans eat.

How is the genetic material of bacteria typically organized?

• Enclosed within a nucleus.

• Scattered randomly throughout the cell.

• Wrapped up in circular loops that float freely inside the cell.

• Contained within a protein coat outside the cell.

Which of the following is a way pathogens can enter the human body?

• Only through direct contact with infected skin.

• By being inhaled as droplets from talking, coughing, or sneezing.

• Exclusively through bites from blood-sucking arthropods like mosquitoes.

• Only by consuming contaminated food or water.

Which of the following are considered physical barriers that help prevent pathogens from entering the human body?

• Skin

• Tears

• Mucus

• All of the above

Which type of immune cell is part of the innate immune system and is known for attacking any trespassers in a non-specific manner?

• B-cells

• T-cells

• Macrophages

• Memory cells

What specialized proteins do B-cells produce to specifically target and neutralize particular pathogens?

• Cytokines

• Enzymes

• Antibodies

• Hormones

What is the process called when T-cells and B-cells specialize to remember a specific pathogen, allowing for a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure?

• Inflammation

• Anaphylaxis

• Immunological memory

• Autoimmune response