Serous Fluid Reinforcement

Serous membranes consist of:

• One layer

• Parietal and visceral

• Bone and cartilage

• Synoviocytes

The function of serous fluid is:

• Digestion

• Absorption

• Lubrication

• Filtration

Excess serous fluid accumulation is called:

• Edema

• Filtration

• Effusion

• Transudate

Transudates are usually caused by:

• Infection

• Cancer

• Trauma

• Systemic disorders

Exudates result from:

• Hypoproteinemia

• High oncotic pressure

• Inflammation

• Sodium retention

The best criteria to classify effusions are:

• Fluid:serum protein and LD ratio

• WBC count

• Appearance

• pH

A transudate typically has:

• Protein >30 g/L

• SG >1.015

• LD >2/3 ULN

• Clear, pale yellow appearance 

Pleural fluid cholesterol >60 mg/dL indicates:

• Transudate

• Exudate

• Chylous

• Pseudochylous

Bloody pleural fluid with Hct >50% blood indicates:

• Hemothorax

• Hemorrhagic exudate

• Transudate

• Contamination

Milky pleural fluid from thoracic duct injury is a:

• Chylous effusion

• Pseudochylous effusion

• Exudate

• Transudate