A map showing Europe’s topography would include

• major cities.
• national boundaries.
• mountain ranges.
• trade routes.

Most of Europe’s early cities developed near

• major rivers.
• seacoasts.
• mountains.
• peninsulas.

Which Germanic tribe defeated the last Roman army in Western Europe?

• the Jutes
• the Saxons
• the Huns
• the Franks

What was one step that Charlemagne took to help unite his kingdom?

• He chose a single strong heir to inherit his throne.
• He drove Muslim forces out of Europe.
• He created and supported schools.
• He declared himself head of the Catholic Church.

Charlemagne worked with the Catholic Church to

• defeat the Eastern Orthodox Church.
• spread Christianity to northern Europe.
• convert the Franks to Christianity.
• reunite the eastern and western Roman empires.

Why do historians refer to the period between 500 CE and 1500 CE as the Middle Ages?

• It represented a transitional era between ancient and modern times
• It marked the exact center of European civilization
• It was exactly in the middle of historical periods
• The term was invented by Renaissance scholars

How did Europe's geographical location influence its development during the Middle Ages?

• Primarily mountainous and inhospitable
• Isolated and disconnected from other regions
• Surrounded by multiple bodies of water, enabling trade and migration
• Completely landlocked and difficult to access

What unique geographical feature made migration across Europe easier during this period?

• The North European Plain
• The Mediterranean coastline
• The Alpine mountain ranges
• The Pyrenees mountain pass

How did Charlemagne contribute to the development of medieval European civilization?

• He prevented any form of cultural exchange
• He destroyed all existing cultural traditions
• He completely isolated European kingdoms
• He spread Christianity and encouraged education

What was the significance of the Battle of Tours in 732?

• It ended Muslim military expansion into Western Europe
• It marked the beginning of the Crusades
• It established Roman imperial power
• It created the first European parliament