What kind of Bias/Error exist in this Study?

What kind of bias or error exists in the following scenario? Scenario: Early studies on hydroxychloroquine showed benefits, but patients were mostly mild cases from private hospitals.

• Selection bias

• Recall bias

• Measurement bias

• Random error

What kind of bias or error exists in the following scenario? Scenario: Early participants were all middle-class white Americans.

• Sampling bias

• Measurement error

• Response bias

• Random error

What type of bias or error occurs in the following scenario? 500 users of the application reported weight loss, but 1,000 who failed to stop using the application were not included in the analysis.

• Selection bias

• Measurement bias

• Confirmation bias

• Random bias

What kind of Bias/Error exist in this Study? Scenario: Cancer patients reported lower pain after pet therapy. Evaluators knew who had therapy dogs. Fill in the blank with the type of bias/error present in this study.

• Observer bias (or detection bias)

• Recall bias

• Selection bias

• Reporting bias

What kind of Bias/Error exist in this Study? Scenario: Students were asked: “You don’t want to stop vaping, right?” Fill in the blank with the type of bias/error present in this scenario.

• Leading question bias (or Response bias)

• Recall bias

• Sampling bias

• Non-response bias

What kind of Bias/Error exist in this Study? Scenario: Only countries supporting the “fat = bad” hypothesis were included. Fill in the blank with the type of bias/error present in this scenario.

• Selection bias (or Sampling bias)

• Recall bias

• Measurement bias

• Observer bias

What kind of Bias/Error exist in this Study? Scenario: Only positive results about Tamiflu’s benefits were published; negative results stayed hidden. Fill in the blank with the type of bias or error.

• Publication bias

• Recall bias

• Selection bias

• Observer bias

What kind of Bias/Error exist in this Study? Scenario: Blood pressure readings in clinics were always higher than at home.

• White coat hypertension (or observer effect)

• Recall bias

• Selection bias

• Publication bias