What is the primary difference between a theory and a hypothesis in scientific research?

• A theory is a specific testable prediction, while a hypothesis is a broad explanation

• A theory is a broad explanatory framework, while a hypothesis is a specific testable prediction

• A theory has been proven true, while a hypothesis is still being tested

• A theory comes from deductive reasoning, while a hypothesis comes from inductive reasoning

In the cognitive dissonance experiment described, why did participants paid $1 report enjoying the boring task more than those paid $20?

• They actually did enjoy the task more because they worked harder

• They felt grateful for any payment and this improved their mood

• They resolved the discomfort of lying for little money by changing their beliefs

• They were trying to impress the experimenter to get future opportunities

Which of the following best describes inductive reasoning in the scientific process?

• Starting with a general theory and making specific predictions about outcomes

• Using logical rules to deduce what must be true in all cases

• Making specific observations and constructing a broad general theory from patterns

• Testing a hypothesis multiple times until it becomes a proven fact

What is the main purpose of peer review in the scientific publication process?

• To ensure that research confirms existing theories and doesn't contradict them

• To find flaws, alternative explanations, and ensure conclusions are justified

• To prevent scientists from making mistakes that would embarrass the institution

• To make sure the research is written in language that non-scientists can understand

According to Karl Popper's philosophy of science, what should be the primary goal of scientific investigation?

• To gather as much data as possible to support existing theories

• To prove theories correct through repeated successful experiments

• To find where theories are wrong so they can be improved

• To develop theories that are so general they cannot be challenged

What does it mean for a scientific idea to be 'falsifiable'?

• The idea must eventually be proven false through experimentation

• There must be a potential way to test if the idea is wrong

• The idea must be simple enough that anyone can understand it

• The idea must be based on observations rather than theoretical reasoning

In the James-Lange theory example, what happened when researchers found that spinal cord injury patients still felt emotions?

• The theory was completely discarded and replaced with an entirely new one

• The researchers concluded their methodology was flawed and repeated the study

• The theory was modified to say physiological feedback intensifies but isn't necessary for emotion

• The theory was confirmed because emotions can come from the brain alone

Which of the following research scenarios best demonstrates deductive reasoning?

• Noticing that anxious patients often had overprotective parents and developing a parenting theory

• Using attachment theory to predict that secure toddlers will explore new toys more

• Observing that children share more after praise and forming a pro-social behavior theory

• Interviewing elite athletes and discovering they all use self-talk before competing

What is an operational definition in scientific research?

• A definition that all scientists in a field must agree to use

• A precise description of how variables will be measured in a study

• A definition that can be changed as the experiment progresses

• A theoretical explanation for why a phenomenon occurs

According to the document, what makes science a 'social process of conjecture and refutation'?

• Scientists work in teams to develop theories together in laboratories

• One scientist proposes ideas and the community tries to prove them wrong

• Scientists must present their work at conferences before publishing it

• Research findings must be explained to the general public for validation