Final Exam Review

Why is a decision-making framework needed for socioscientific issues?

• Because these issues involve complex trade-offs, multiple stakeholders, and uncertainty, so a framework helps structure evidence, values, and choices.

• Because laws mandate using a single standardized procedure for all scientific questions.

• To eliminate disagreement by identifying one universally correct answer to social questions.

• To speed up data collection by ignoring stakeholder values and focusing only on numerical results.

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What key fact should you know about the role of water in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

• In photosynthesis, water is a reactant that supplies electrons and protons; in cellular respiration, water is a product formed when oxygen accepts electrons.

• In both processes, water only acts as a solvent and has no chemical role.

• In photosynthesis, water is a product; in cellular respiration, water is a reactant consumed.

• Water is irrelevant to electron transport in both processes.

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How can flooding have a negative impact on the environment and people?

• Negative: contaminates water, destroys habitats, displaces people.

• Negative: reduces pollution and increases biodiversity.

• Negative: increases tax revenue.

• Negative: lowers groundwater levels.

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How can flooding have a positive impact on the environment and people?

• Positive: deposits nutrients, recharges floodplains and wetlands.

• Positive: erodes soils and damages infrastructure.

• Positive: permanently dries wetlands.

• Positive: blocks nutrient movement to soils.

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What are the three pillars of sustainability?

• Environmental, Social, Economic

• Political, Cultural, Technological

• Earth, Water, Space

• Physical, Biological, Chemical

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What are two measurable indicators for the Economic pillar to determine if something is sustainable?

• Profitability & Employment/income stability

• Biodiversity index & Water quality

• Rainfall totals & Soil texture

• Public health outcomes & Equity/access to services

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What are two measurable indicators for the Social pillar to determine if something is sustainable?

• Biodiversity index & Water quality

• Public health outcomes & Equity/access to services

• GDP growth & Stock prices

• Profitability & Employment/income stability

What are two measurable indicators for the Environmental pillar to determine if something is sustainable?

• Biodiversity index & Water quality

• Museum visits & Language diversity

• Number of festivals & Sports attendance

• Cell size & Enzyme activity

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Which statement best captures the key difference in method between selective breeding and genetic modification/bioengineering?

• Selective breeding uses existing variation and controlled mating over many generations, while genetic modification directly changes an organism’s DNA and can create rapid, targeted traits.

• Both selective breeding and genetic modification rely on natural cross-pollination without laboratory techniques.

• Genetic modification and selective breeding are identical, but genetic modification is limited to traits already present within the species.

• Selective breeding directly inserts genes using molecular tools, while genetic modification relies on random mutation from radiation.

Which method produces more rapid genetic change; selective breeding or genetic modification/bioengineering?

• Selective breeding

• Genetic modification