Fluid Balance, Compartments, and Movement

Which statement best describes intracellular fluid (ICF)?

• Fluid inside cells, about half of body water

• Fluid outside cells, about half of body water

• Fluid within vessels, majority of body water

• Fluid in interstitial spaces, small body fraction

Which major electrolytes predominate in the intracellular compartment?

• Potassium, magnesium, phosphate inside cells

• Sodium and bicarbonate inside cells

• Sodium and chloride mainly inside cells

• Calcium and bicarbonate inside cells

Diffusion across a membrane is driven primarily by which factor?

• Active transport energy input

• Concentration gradient of particles

• Osmotic pull of proteins

• Hydrostatic pressure differences

During osmosis, water moves in which direction relative to solute concentration?

• Randomly without gradient

• From less solute to more solute

• From more solute to less solute

• From equal solute to equal solute

Which change is most consistent with hypovolemia due to fluid loss from the intravascular space?

• Retention of fluid within blood vessels

• Shift of plasma into interstitial tissue

• Increase in plasma perfusion of organs

• Expansion of intracellular water volume

A nurse measures fluid intake for a patient. Which action meets best practice?

• Record only oral fluids consumed

• Estimate volumes to nearest 50 ml

• Measure all intake to nearest 5 ml

• Exclude IV flushes from totals

Which mechanism best explains filtration across capillary membranes?

• Water and solutes pushed by pressure differences

• Movement due to concentration gradient only

• Water pulled by oncotic pressure exclusively

• Carrier proteins using ATP to move solutes

Daily weights are used to monitor fluid balance effectively. Which protocol optimizes accuracy?

• Different time, same clothes, same scale

• Different time, different clothes, any scale

• Same time, same clothes, same scale

• Same time, different clothes, any scale

Which urine specific gravity range is considered normal in healthy adults?

• 1.005 to 1.030 range

• 1.070 to 1.090 range

• 0.990 to 1.000 range

• 1.040 to 1.060 range

A high urine specific gravity most directly indicates which physiological state?

• Dehydration with concentrated urine

• Renal failure with anuria

• Fluid overload with dilute urine

• Normal hydration and osmolality