Refer to the following passage excerpt describing German industry in the late nineteenth century: “By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place.” Which process in the nineteenth century most directly explains the emergence of the German industries referred to in the passage?

The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution

The spread of new industrial technologies such as the internal combustion engine from the United States

The greater diversity of manufactured goods produced by industrial factories

The growing importance of using coal as fuel in industrial production

Refer to the first paragraph of the passage: “By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output… while Britain continued to stress textile production.” Great Britain’s development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to

use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production

use natural resources from colonies to create finished products

use coerced labor for producing manufactured goods

take advantage of mercantilist economic policies to protect themselves from foreign competition

Refer to the second paragraph of the passage describing the Bayer company: “Bayer employs 3,500 people at its plant in Leverkusen… laboratories arranged like university laboratories in Britain… research chemists are paid a salary and may receive royalties on processes they invent.” Which development in the nineteenth century would most likely help explain the size and composition of the workforce at the Bayer plant as described?

Expansion of university education in chemistry and engineering, creating a pool of trained research chemists

Rapid urbanization resulting from rural-to-urban migration into factory towns

Revival of guild-based artisanal production that limited factory labor demand

Decline of state support for scientific research and education across Europe

Bolívar’s descriptions of colonial subjects as “mere consumers” constrained by royal monopolies, exclusive trading privileges, and bans on manufacturing refer to the effects of which economic policy?

Mercantilism and imperial monopolies

The industrialization of Great Britain’s economy in the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is most directly explained by which of the following?

Britain had large reserves of coal.

Britain had large reserves of petroleum.

British scientists were the first to discover electricity.

British engineers developed new methods of producing cheaper steel.

Using the data table titled "Information on profits and risks of various investment types, provided by English commercial banks and other private lenders to prospective investors, 1750 to 1800"—which lists: Land in Great Britain (expected return 3–6% per year; perceived risk Low); Investing in commercial enterprises in Great Britain (6–12% per year; risk Variable); Land in India (12% per year; risk Low-Moderate); Loans to European merchants in India or China (10–15% per year; risk Moderate-High); Loans to Indian or Chinese merchants in India or China (14–25% per year; risk Moderate-High); Financing trading voyages for Chinese ships from China to Southeast Asia (30–40% per voyage; risk High); Financing trading voyages for European ships to India, China, Southeast Asia, or the Arabian Peninsula (18–50% per voyage; risk High)—which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data in the table?

Financial practices facilitated deeper global economic integration.

Traditional elites introduced complex financial practices.

Transnational businesses incorporated local merchants into their companies.

Governments sought to stimulate economic activity through lending.

Over the course of the nineteenth century, the risks associated with financing the trading voyages of European ships would

decrease, as steamships offered a more reliable and safer method of oceanic transportation

increase, as Asian navies became more of a threat to European navies

increase, as the rise of new colonial powers such as Italy and Germany threatened international trade

decrease, as international organizations succeeded in eliminating almost all piracy

Which of the following most likely explains the differences in the perceived risk associated with investing in land in Britain and investing in land in India, as shown in the table that lists Land in Great Britain at 3–6% per year (risk Low) and Land in India at 12% per year (risk Low-Moderate)?

While improvements in agricultural productivity made investing in land in Britain relatively safe, Britain was still in the process of securing its control over India.

Britain had a well-developed cottage manufacturing economy that could supplement agricultural income, while India did not.

Rapid urbanization in Britain facilitated large increases in land prices, while the decline of the Mughal Empire led to economic stagnation in India.

While Britain had irrigation systems that made its agricultural land productive, India’s climate made sustaining agriculture difficult.

According to the passage reporting the chairman of the British South Africa Company to shareholders in London in 1895, which states that the company undertook the occupation and development of a considerable extent of valuable territory in South Africa and that railway and telegraphic communications would be pursued and in some cases already precede completion of the railroad, the economic success of businesses such as the British South Africa Company was in part dependent on which of the following developments in the late nineteenth century?

The development of new technologies such as the telegraph

The migrations of indentured workers from Asia

The increasing availability and variety of consumer goods

The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance

As described in the same 1895 passage from the British South Africa Company’s chairman about occupying and developing territory and building rail and telegraph lines, the economic model of the British South Africa Company most directly differed from which of the following economic trends in the late nineteenth century?

The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies

The shift in Asian and African economies from manufacturing of finished goods to resource extraction

The shift from nation-based businesses and enterprises to transnational businesses and enterprises

The shift from heavy industry to industries centered on the production of consumer goods

Referring to the "objections" mentioned by the chairman in the first paragraph of the 1895 passage about the British South Africa Company’s occupation and development of South African territory, which of the following arguments commonly made by laissez-faire economists in the period 1750–1900 most directly explains such objections?

The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers.

Granting government charters to joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company allowed too much free trade and hurt workers in home countries.

Government involvement in the business of companies such as the British South Africa Company inevitably led to deregulation that removed valuable protections for workers and consumers.

The creation of government-supported joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company excluded private investment.

Based on the Australian catalog page of 1929—an advertisement for the Myer Emporium promoting fashions for “Race and River Carnivals,” featuring English, American, and Continental models along with hats and accessories—women are shown primarily as

participants in competitive sports

Which of the following developments in the period 1878–1922 best explains the change in Japanese trade patterns shown in the graphs above?

Japanese manufacturing output rose as a consequence of industrialization.

Japanese manufacturing output decreased because Japanese leaders restricted commercial ties.

Export of manufactured goods declined because United States tariffs on Japanese goods increased.

Japanese imports of raw materials increased as a consequence of extensive immigration to Japan.

Which of the following best describes an important difference between Karl Marx’s theory of socialist revolution and that of V. I. Lenin?

Only Lenin argued that the workers’ revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries.

Only Marx stressed the importance of the “class struggle” in history.

Only Marx stressed the primary role of the industrial proletariat.

Only Marx thought that a socialist revolution must be achieved through parliamentary reform.

Only Lenin argued that revolution would occur in the most industrialized countries.

Read the excerpt from a letter to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal (1894): “I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled ‘Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?’ In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because, in the past, society was characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power, where victory went to him who was the strongest or the best able to endure hardship, or to him who perpetrated the most atrocities, such as killing people, etc., —in other words, to him who was farthest from women’s gentle nature and compassionate heart. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals, through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed. This is something that women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man’s strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man the right of preference over woman in regard to modern civilization.” Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 The disputes over women’s rights alluded to in the letter best reflect which of the following late-nineteenth-century changes in Middle Eastern societies?

The spread of intellectual and political debates informed by Enlightenment ideas

The abolition of the veil following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire

The expansion of mass public education for both boys and girls

The growing popular support for parliamentary forms of governance

Read the excerpt from a letter to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal (1894): “I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled ‘Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?’ In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because, in the past, society was characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power, where victory went to him who was the strongest or the best able to endure hardship, or to him who perpetrated the most atrocities, such as killing people, etc., —in other words, to him who was farthest from women’s gentle nature and compassionate heart. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals, through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed. This is something that women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man’s strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man the right of preference over woman in regard to modern civilization.” Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 The letter’s reference in the second paragraph to the claims of “our doctors and scientists” is best understood in the context of which of the following late-nineteenth-century processes?

Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans.

The achievements of medieval Muslim science became known in the West, stimulating new interest in biology and medicine.

Bourgeois ideas of cultural and literary refinement became prevalent in many parts of the world.

The scientific method stressing experimentation and the collection of empirical evidence was discovered and first used.

Passage for questions on Indian liberalism: “[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country’s modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India’s people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women’s education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption.” — Christopher Bayly, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire (2012) The Indian liberal view of women discussed in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the following?

Emerging women’s suffrage and feminist movements

Changes in gender roles as a result of Indian industrialization

The predominantly male migration of Indian indentured labor overseas

The development of more effective means of birth control

Passage for questions on Indian liberalism: “[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country’s modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India’s people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women’s education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption.” — Christopher Bayly, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire (2012) Many Indian historians after independence would likely have objected to Bayly’s characterization of Indian liberalism on the basis of their belief that

Indian nationalism was inspired predominantly by Indian cultural and political traditions

environmental considerations were a primary motive behind Indian nationalist sentiment

French literary theories in the late twentieth century were critical to understanding Indian nationalism

the military rebellion in support of the last Mughal emperor was the defining moment for Indian nationalism

Passage for questions on Indian liberalism: “[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country’s modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India’s people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women’s education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption.” — Christopher Bayly, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire (2012) Based on Bayly’s argument, Indian liberal ideas were most clearly influenced by which of the following?

Enlightenment concepts of natural rights

Classical Indian religious and philosophical traditions

Marxist political theories of class struggle

Laissez-faire capitalism espoused by European thinkers

In what way did the Haitian Revolution differ from the French Revolution?

It abolished slavery through a successful revolt by enslaved people and created an independent Black republic.

It resulted in a constitutional monarchy while the French Revolution produced a republican government.

It was primarily a conflict among European states over colonial territories.

It preserved plantation slavery while extending political rights only to white planters.

Read the passage: “I think we should continue to emphasize the history and culture of the West, while encompassing the rest, because the West has in fact made the world we know. Anyone who wants to participate in the world community in the coming century had better know how and why the West has defined, and will continue to define, world civilization. Why do I say that? Because everybody wants what we have: science and technology, prosperity, and democracy—that is, our philosophy, our economics, our politics. It is the simple truth that science and technology emerge out of Western philosophy, not out of the philosophy of India, China, or the African nations. Since it is a fact that people everywhere aspire to the material advantages that flow, uniquely I think, from the modes of social organization that the West has devised—its economics, its science and technology, and also its politics and philosophy—I think it is time to stop apologizing and start analyzing what has made [the West] the world-defining power that it is.” —Jacob Neusner, historian, “It is Time to Stop Apologizing for Western Civilization and to Start Analyzing Why It Defines World Culture,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989 Based on the passage, the author’s argument regarding the effects of Western philosophy on the world is likely based on which of the following?

The adoption of European Enlightenment political and scientific principles worldwide

The technological innovations of Greece and Rome

The global spread of Christianity as a result of European trade and conquest

The globalization of popular European postmodern philosophy

Using the table titled PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835–1867, the labor patterns shown in the table are most directly relevant in understanding which broader process in nineteenth-century Europe? The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament.

The development of new class identities

The emergence of challenges to patriarchal gender norms

The decline in the popularity of organized religions

The growing influence of nationalism on state policy

Using the table titled PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835–1867, the high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the

low wages of workers in industrial societies

resistance of older male workers to being displaced by younger workers

persistence of guild regulations and other traditional restrictions on labor practices

decrease in family size associated with greater income

Using the table titled PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835–1867, the data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid-nineteenth-century Great Britain?

The emergence of social reform movements

Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing

The development of better transportation infrastructure

The increasing demand for consumer goods

Which of the following contributed the most to the growth of the movement to abolish slavery in the Atlantic world?

The adaptation of Enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies

Increased availability of Asian indentured labor

The efforts of industrialists to create a more flexible workforce

A decline in the number of enslaved persons being taken from Africa

Many historians have argued that by the late nineteenth century the industrialized nations of Europe had achieved global economic dominance more through force and coercion than through the superiority of their industrial products. Which of the following nineteenth-century developments would best support this contention?

The decline of the Indian textile industry’s share of global manufacturing

The growth of industrial production in North America

The growth of South American agricultural exports

The abolition of slavery in the Americas

Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European women’s lives?

Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities.

By the end of the century, new social welfare legislation made it possible for most women to earn university degrees.

By the end of the century, women gained the right to vote in most European countries.

Women came to dominate the agricultural workforce as men moved to cities to take industrial jobs.

The development of the factory system most directly explains which of the following characteristics of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

The greater degree of labor specialization

The higher degree of educational achievement among workers

A decline in the diversity of consumer goods

Large increases in the prices of most consumer goods

Adoption of which of the following power sources has contributed the most to increasing the energy available to humans?

Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum

Read the passage by Yukichi Fukuzawa (Japanese intellectual), Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881: “In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist. There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that.” Which of the following most likely influenced Fukuzawa’s views in the passage?

The forcible “opening up” of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration

The Tokugawa Shogunate’s policy of limiting contacts between Japan and the rest of the world

The emphasis on peaceful resolution of conflicts in Shinto and Buddhist religious traditions

The suppression of the Taiping Rebellion in China, which resulted in significant loss of life

In the late nineteenth century, Japanese attitudes toward European cultural influences changed as a direct result of

Japan enacting political reforms during the Meiji Era

Japan isolating its economy from trade with Western markets

Japan defeating China in the First Sino-Japanese War

Japan extending its empire over most of Southeast Asia

The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following phenomena in mid-nineteenth-century European society?

Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work.

Working-class families and bourgeois families generally had similar occupational patterns.

The development of working-class neighborhoods was characterized by unsanitary living conditions and high levels of crime.

As more women moved into office or clerical jobs, factory owners’ treatment of female workers improved.

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the processes illustrated in Image 1 and Image 2, which depict coal mining and coal processing in Europe during the Industrial Revolution?

A decline in Asian countries’ share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports

A renewed push for overseas colonies as European countries competed for new sources of coal

The launch of European-sponsored industrialization efforts in Asian and African countries

The emergence of Germany as the dominant industrial power in Europe following German unification

Image 1 best illustrates which of the following broad economic transformations in the period circa 1750?

The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy

The transition from an industrial to a postindustrial economy

The transition from the First Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution

The transition from guild-system manufacturing to putting-out-system manufacturing

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working conditions depicted in Image 2 served as an inspiration for those arguing that

the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations

oil and electricity rather than coal should become the basis of a new industrial economy

the negative environmental impacts of industrialization should be addressed by stringent regulations

a Protestant work ethic was the most important factor behind Europe’s global economic dominance

Passage for questions: “Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.” —Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902. Based on the passage, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of ideas such as the ones expressed in the passage by doing which of the following?

Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers

Increasing the number of financial instruments available to help expand transnational businesses

Expanding colonial territories and increasing industrial production

Opening large sectors of the economy to foreign direct investment

Passage for questions: “Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.” —Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902. The views expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following processes?

The emergence of radical political ideologies, such as socialism and communism, that challenged industrial capitalism

The consolidation of absolute monarchies as the dominant form of government in Europe

The revival of mercantilism as the leading economic doctrine in the global economy

The expansion of peasant-based agrarian communes as the primary social organization in Western Europe

APWH Unit 5 MCQ Practise

Authored by Lydia Loureiro

Social Studies

11th Grade

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

“Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding.” Simón Bolívar, Jamaica Letter, 1815 The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author’s motives for resistance to Spanish colonial rule in Latin America?

Bolívar opposed the use of Native Americans and Africans as forced laborers in Latin America.

Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America.

Bolívar was alarmed by the excessive consumerism in the Spanish empire.

Bolívar hoped to undo the effects of the Columbian exchange.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

After the abdication of the last Qing emperor in China in 1912, the new republican government adopted a new national flag (the so-called five-races-together-in-harmony flag) with five stripes representing the five main ethnic groups: the Han Chinese, the Manchus, the Tibetans, the Uighurs, and the Mongols. The adoption of the new flag is an example of which of the following processes?

Governmental efforts of new states to undo the tolerant ethnic and religious policies of their imperial predecessors in order to promote greater uniformity

Governmental efforts of new states to reduce their political and economic dependence on former colonial powers

Efforts by authoritarian governments to mobilize all segments of society for a conflict with foreign powers

Governmental efforts of multinational states to promote a new nationalist identity that would help prevent the emergence of ethnic separatism

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750–1900?

Because the nutritional quality of food greatly improved, more people were able to sustain the long working hours that factory labor required.

Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories.

Because farmers needed less land to produce the same amount of food, they could build textile factories on the excess land.

Because greater quantities of food could be sold at higher prices, governments could tax farmers at higher rates and use those revenues to build factories.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Refer to the following excerpt from Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s eyewitness chronicle of the French occupation of Egypt (1798–1801). In the second paragraph of the proclamation quoted by al-Jabarti, General Bonaparte states: "O ye Egyptians, some may tell you that we have come here to abolish your religion, but that is a lie." Which of the following claims does Napoleon make about religion in the document al-Jabarti quotes in the second paragraph?

The French had come to convert Egypt to Christianity.

The French had come to abolish Islam.

The French did not wish to change the religion of the people of Egypt.

The French state was not based on the principles of the Enlightenment.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

In al-Jabarti’s commentary on the proclamation, he writes: "In that proclamation, their statement ‘In the name of Allah, etc.’ suggests that they agree with Islam. But in reality they are opposed to both Christianity and Islam and do not hold fast to any religion. They are materialists who deny the Hereafter and Resurrection, and who reject Prophethood and religious Messengership." Which of the following claims does al-Jabarti make about the French?

The French are Muslim but pretend to be Christian.

The French are Christian but pretend to be Muslim.

The French do not believe in either Christianity or Islam.

The French have created a new religion of their own.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Slavery and serfdom were abolished in the 1860s in which of the following pairs of states?

Great Britain and Brazil

the United States and Russia

France and Algeria

Austria-Hungary and India

China and the Ottoman Empire

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

During the nineteenth century, Asian and African rulers usually desired transfer of which of the following western technologies most?

Medicines

Weapons

Navigational instruments

Textile manufacturing equipment

Chemical fertilizers

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