Thermodynamics

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

• Energy can be created and destroyed.

• Energy can only be transformed, and the total energy of an isolated system is constant.

• Energy is always increasing in an isolated system.

• Energy can be converted into mass.

What is entropy?

• A measure of the energy available to do work in a system.

• A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.

• A constant value in thermodynamic processes.

• A type of energy that can be converted into work.

What happens to the entropy of a closed system when water freezes?

• The entropy increases because the molecules become more disordered.

• The entropy remains the same as the state does not change.

• The entropy decreases because the molecules become more ordered as they transition from a liquid to a solid state.

• The entropy fluctuates without a clear trend during the freezing process.

What is the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy?

• Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance; higher temperatures correspond to higher kinetic energy.

• Temperature has no relation to kinetic energy.

• Higher kinetic energy leads to lower temperature.

• Temperature is solely determined by the mass of the substance.

What is thermal equilibrium?

• A state where two objects are at different temperatures and heat flows between them.

• A condition where two objects in contact reach the same temperature and no heat flows between them.

• A situation where heat is continuously exchanged between two objects.

• A state of matter where all particles are at rest.

What must molecules do to transition from a liquid to a gas?

• Molecules must lose kinetic energy to condense into a liquid.

• Molecules must gain kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces and enter the gas phase.

• Molecules must increase their volume to escape the liquid state.

• Molecules must decrease their temperature to transition into a gas.

What is specific heat capacity?

• The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.

• The total heat energy contained in a substance at a given temperature.

• The heat required to change a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point.

• The heat energy needed to increase the temperature of a substance by ten degrees Celsius.

What is the principle of conservation of energy?

• Energy can be created and destroyed.

• Energy can only be transformed from one form to another.

• Energy can be created but not destroyed.

• Energy is a constant that does not change.

What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic processes?

• Endothermic processes release heat to the surroundings, while exothermic processes absorb heat from the surroundings.

• Endothermic processes absorb heat from the surroundings, while exothermic processes release heat to the surroundings.

• Both endothermic and exothermic processes absorb heat from the surroundings.

• Endothermic processes and exothermic processes are the same.

What is convection?

• The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids caused by differences in temperature and density.

• The process of heat transfer through direct contact between materials.

• The movement of air caused by the rotation of the Earth.

• The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.