Early Views of Disability in Society

Which practice most commonly affected people with disabilities before the mid-20th century?

• Institutionalization and isolation

• Community integration and support

• Universal inclusive schooling

• Independent living with services

Which belief reflects the moral and religious model of disability prevalent historically?

• Disability as solely workplace injury

• Disability as random biological variation

• Disability as divine punishment for sin

• Disability as social construction only

What did eugenic theories claim about disability?

• It resulted from inherited defects

• It came from temporary illness

• It was purely cultural bias

• It arose from environmental toxins

In schools, which harmful label was often used for children with significant disabilities?

• Behaviorally exceptional learners

• Undeducable or mentally retarded

• Gifted but misunderstood

• Physically adaptive students

Which conditions were documented at Willowbrook State School?

• High staffing and oversight

• Overcrowding, neglect, and abuse

• Family-centered community living

• Small classes and enrichment

What was a major effect of the media exposé of Willowbrook?

• Return to religious explanations

• Immediate school closures nationwide

• Public outrage and policy reform

• Reduced interest in disability rights

Which statement best contrasts isolation with inclusion in disability contexts?

• Inclusion restricts access to services

• Inclusion increases institutional control

• Isolation removes contact with community

• Isolation expands social relationships

Which root cause was commonly cited to justify negative views of disability before reforms?

• Technological change in medicine

• Universal design principles

• Evidence-based clinical trials

• Moral failings within families