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Multiple choice — Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question: You apply the acid-fast stain method to a patient's specimen, an aspirate from the lungs. Microscopic examination reveals a large number of bright pink-red bacillus-shaped bacteria in the smear. Which statement is true?

• This is the expected outcome for normal sputum.

• The patient has pneumonia.

• The patient has tuberculosis.

• The patient has an HIV infection.

Multiple choice — Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question: Serological analysis for bacterial identification typically involves using ______.

• specific antibodies to the bacterial cell antigens

• methods to identify cell enzymes

• the analysis of the appearance of colonies

• a microscope to determine cell morphology

• the determination of guanine + cytosine base concentrations

Multiple choice — Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question: Which of the following is not a phenotypic trait of bacteria?

• rRNA sequence

• Cell shape

• Nutrient requirements

• Biochemical reactions

Multiple choice — Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question: The function of bacterial endospores is ______.

• reproduction and growth

• protection of genetic material during harsh conditions

• storage of excess cellular building blocks

• to provide a protected site for photosynthesis

Multiple choice — Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question: Chemical analysis of a bacterial cell detects dipicolinic acid. What is the identity of this structure?

• Cell wall

• Capsule

• Biofilm

• Nucleoid

• Endospore

Endospores are _______.

• metabolically inactive

• resistant to heat and chemical treatments

• resistant to destruction by radiation

• living structures

• All of the choices are correct.

Bacterial endospores are produced by ______.

• Staphylococcus

• Entamoeba

• Bacillus

• Mycoplasma

All of the following occur during endospore germination except ______.

• dehydration of the cell components

• binding of a small organic molecule to initiate germination

• enzymes digest the endospore cortex

• the cell grows out of its protein coats

All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease except ______.

• inclusions

• fimbriae

• capsule

• slime layer

• gram-negative outer membrane

Plasmids _______.

• are found in all bacteria

• are essential for survival

• cannot be passed between organisms

• are located in microcompartments

• often carry genes controlling pathogenicity