Week 9 Recitation

In Keil’s (1989) transformation experiment, what was the key difference between young children and older individuals’ tendency to categorize biological kinds after change?

• A. Youngest children behaved as similarity-based classifiers, while older children and adults behaved as essentialists.

• B. Younger children were more likely to behave as essentialists compared to older children.

• C. Older children and adults were more likely to behave as similarity-based classifiers.

• D. Both younger and older children were resistant to perceiving changes in categorization for biological kinds.

Which of the following scenarios describes diagnostic reasoning?

• A. A teacher reviews a student's assignment and grades it according to a standard rubric.

• B. A mechanic inspects a car, considers various possible causes for a strange noise, and tests the engine to find the source of the problem.

• C. A chef follows a recipe step by step to prepare a dish.

• D. A student memorizes facts for an upcoming exam without considering how they relate to each other.

Which of the following assumptions of biological essentialisms are not directly incorporated in the prototype/exemplar models?

• 1. A. Sharp category boundaries

• B. Specific etiology

• C. Strong inductive potentials

• D. All of above

Keil (1989) and Taylor, Rhodes, & Gelman (2009) tested for the development of essentialist beliefs in biological and social kinds. What are the trajectories they discovered?

• 1. A. As people age, they become more essentialists in biological kinds and less in social kinds

• B. As people age, they become less essentialists in biological kinds and more in social kinds

• C. As people age, they become more essentialists in both biological and social kinds

• D. As people age, they become less essentialists in both biological and social kinds

Suppose that in the bird category, we observe that small birds sing while large birds do not. Which of the categorization model should we use to best capture this variance?

• 1. A. Essentialists Model

• B. Definitional Model

• C. Prototypical Model

• 1. D. Exemplar Model

Suppose a category has the following causal structure between features: A -> B -> C -> D. According to Rehder and Kim 2010, how many causal violations does an object with A and C but not B and D have?

• A. 1

• B. 2

• C. 3

• D. 4

Which of the following is the major difference between the prototype and exemplar theory?

• A. While prototype theory can explain typicality effect, the exemplar theory cannot

• B. While exemplar theory can explain family resemblance in concepts, the prototype theory cannot

• C. There is no substantive difference; they are simply two terms for a single theory.

• D. They postulate different number of instances that act as the representation of the category

Which of the following is a category distinction only detectable by the causal model?

• A. The sufficiency and necessity of features

• B. The co-occurrence of two features (e.g., feature A and B occurring at the same time)

• C. The conditional dependency of two features (e.g., feature B occur if and only if A occurs)

• D. The typicality of features

Which types of category representations are most suitable for (1) natural kinds, (2) artificial artifacts, and (3)abstract concepts?

• A. (1)Prototypes, (2)exemplars, and (3)definitions, respectively

• B. (1)Definitions, (2)prototypes, and (3)exemplars, respectively

• C. (1)Exemplars, (2)definitions, and (3)prototypes, respectively

• D. (1)Prototypes, (2)definitions, and (3)exemplars, respectively