What type of evidence is most commonly used to construct modern phylogenetic trees?

Geographic location of organisms

Which of the following is true about viruses?

They require a host cell to replicate

They are classified in the domain Bacteria

They can grow and develop independently

They respond to stimuli without a host

A student is analyzing a cladogram and notices that two species share a derived characteristic not found in other species on the diagram. What can the student conclude about these two species?

They share a more recent common ancestor with each other than with the other species

They belong to different domains

They evolved in completely different environments

They are identical in all genetic traits

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria are believed to have originated from ancient bacteria according to the endosymbiosis theory?

Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA and reproduce by binary fission

Mitochondria have the same shape as bacteria

Mitochondria are found only in animal cells

Mitochondria produce ATP through photosynthesis

A scientist compares the cell walls of bacteria and fungi. Which of the following correctly distinguishes the two?

Bacteria have cell walls made of peptidoglycan; fungi have cell walls made of chitin

Bacteria have cell walls made of chitin; fungi have cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Both bacteria and fungi have cell walls made of cellulose

Neither bacteria nor fungi have cell walls

When interpreting a phylogenetic tree, a student notices that Species A and Species B diverged from a common ancestor more recently than Species A and Species C. What does this indicate about the relationship between Species A and Species B compared to Species A and Species C?

Species A and Species B are more closely related

Species A and Species B are more distantly related

Species A and Species C share more derived characteristics

Species A and Species C diverged at the same time as Species A and Species B

A student compares a virus and a bacterium. Which of the following correctly applies a concept to distinguish the two?

Bacteria are living organisms with cellular structures, while viruses are not considered living because they lack cells and cannot reproduce without a host

Both viruses and bacteria can reproduce independently

Viruses have ribosomes, while bacteria do not

Bacteria require a host cell to replicate, while viruses do not

Which of the following best explains why plants and animals are placed in the same domain (Eukarya) but in different kingdoms?

Plants and animals both have eukaryotic cells but differ in their methods of obtaining energy and other structural characteristics

Plants and animals share no genetic similarities

Plants and animals are placed in the same kingdom because they both have cell walls

Plants and animals are in different domains because animals lack a nucleus

A researcher collects data showing that two species of birds have very similar bone structures in their wings. How would this data be used when constructing a cladogram?

It would be used as a shared derived characteristic to group the two species together in the same clade

It would be used to place the two species in different clades

It would be ignored because physical traits are not used in cladograms

It would indicate that the two species evolved in completely different environments

Which of the following correctly applies the concept of endosymbiosis to explain the origin of chloroplasts in plant cells?

An ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic bacterium, which eventually became the chloroplast

Chloroplasts were formed when plant cells began producing their own proteins

Chloroplasts evolved from the nucleus of an early eukaryotic cell

Chloroplasts were formed through the process of binary fission in plant cells

A student is given data showing that a virus has a protein coat (capsid) and RNA as its genetic material. Using this information, which of the following conclusions can the student draw about this virus?

The virus is not a living organism because it lacks cellular structures and cannot independently carry out life processes

The virus is a living organism because it has genetic material

The virus can reproduce on its own because it has RNA

The virus belongs to the domain Bacteria because it has a protein coat

A scientist analyzes DNA sequences from four species and finds the following percentage of shared DNA with Species A: Species B shares 92%, Species C shares 78%, and Species D shares 45%. Using this data, which cladogram arrangement best represents the evolutionary relationships?

Species B is most closely related to Species A, followed by Species C, then Species D

Species D is most closely related to Species A

Species C and Species D are equally related to Species A

Species B and Species D share the most recent common ancestor

A student argues that viruses should be classified as living organisms because they contain genetic material and can evolve over time. Construct a counter-argument using empirical evidence to explain why viruses are not considered living organisms.

Viruses are not considered living organisms because they lack cells, cannot carry out metabolic processes independently, and require a host cell to reproduce, failing to meet the fundamental criteria for life

Viruses should be classified as living because they evolve, which is a characteristic of life

Viruses are not living because they do not contain genetic material

Viruses are living organisms because they can cause disease in other organisms

A scientist discovers a new microorganism that has the following characteristics: it is prokaryotic, lives in extremely hot and acidic environments, and has a unique membrane lipid composition different from bacteria. Using this evidence, construct an argument for which domain this organism belongs to and explain the reasoning.

The organism belongs to Archaea because it is prokaryotic, lives in extreme environments, and has unique membrane lipids characteristic of archaea, distinguishing it from bacteria

The organism belongs to Eukarya because it lives in extreme environments

The organism belongs to Bacteria because it is prokaryotic

The organism belongs to Fungi because it lives in acidic environments

A researcher presents two phylogenetic trees for the same group of organisms. Tree 1 is based on morphological data, and Tree 2 is based on molecular (DNA) data. The trees show different groupings for two species. Which tree should be considered more reliable for determining evolutionary relationships, and why?

Tree 2 based on molecular data is generally more reliable because DNA sequences provide direct evidence of genetic relationships and are less subject to convergent evolution than physical traits

Tree 1 is more reliable because physical traits are always more accurate than molecular data

Both trees are equally reliable because they use different types of data

Tree 1 is more reliable because morphological data is easier to collect than molecular data

Using the endosymbiosis theory, construct an argument explaining how the presence of a double membrane in mitochondria supports the idea that mitochondria originated from free-living bacteria engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell.

The double membrane in mitochondria supports endosymbiosis because the outer membrane likely originated from the host cell's engulfment process, while the inner membrane is the original bacterial membrane, consistent with a bacterium being engulfed

The double membrane is irrelevant to the endosymbiosis theory because all organelles have double membranes

The double membrane suggests that mitochondria evolved from the nucleus of the host cell

The double membrane disproves endosymbiosis because bacteria only have a single membrane

A student is given a dataset showing the presence or absence of five traits in five different species. Using this data, the student must construct a cladogram. Trait 1 is present in all species, Trait 2 is absent only in Species A, Trait 3 is present only in Species D and E, Trait 4 is present only in Species E, and Trait 5 is present in Species B, C, D, and E. Which of the following cladograms correctly represents the evolutionary relationships based on this data?

Species A diverged first from the common ancestor, followed by Species B and C diverging together, and then Species D and E diverging last, with Species E being the most derived

Species A is most closely related to Species E

Species D and E diverged before Species B and C

All five species diverged simultaneously from a single common ancestor

Which trait(s) do conifers have?

vascular tissue, seeds and flowers

Which organism is most closely related to the turtles ( Testudines )?

Lizards and snakes ( Lepidosauria )

Frogs and Salamanders ( Lissamphibia )

Organisms that share similar genetic information are said to be

Organisms without a nucleus are

Animalia/Fungi/ Animal-like Protista

Biology SB4 Review

Authored by Rebecca Troutman

Science

10th Grade

GSE covered

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36 questions

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

Which of the following best describes the domain Archaea?

Multicellular organisms with a nucleus

Prokaryotic organisms that often live in extreme environments

Eukaryotic organisms that produce their own food

Organisms that lack a cell membrane

Tags

GSE.SB4.a

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

What is a cladogram?

A diagram showing the life cycle of an organism

A chart that displays the population growth of a species

A branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

A map showing the geographic distribution of species

Tags

GSE.SB4.b

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from living organisms?

Viruses have a cell membrane

Viruses can reproduce independently without a host cell

Viruses contain either DNA or RNA but cannot carry out metabolism on their own

Viruses are made up of eukaryotic cells

Tags

GSE.SB4.c

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

What is the term for the theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Natural selection

Endosymbiosis

Convergent evolution

Genetic drift

Tags

GSE.SB4.a

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

In a phylogenetic tree, what does a node (branching point) represent?

An extinct species

A common ancestor shared by two or more groups

A mutation in the genome

The most recently evolved organism

Tags

GSE.SB4.b

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

Which of the following correctly identifies a structural feature shared by both viruses and living cells?

Cell wall

Ribosome

Genetic material (DNA or RNA)

Mitochondria

Tags

GSE.SB4.c

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

Which domain includes organisms whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus?

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Viruses

Tags

GSE.SB4.a

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Biology SB4 Review

Which of the following best describes the domain Archaea?

What is a cladogram?

Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from living organisms?

What is the term for the theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts?

In a phylogenetic tree, what does a node (branching point) represent?

Which of the following correctly identifies a structural feature shared by both viruses and living cells?

Which domain includes organisms whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus?

What type of evidence is most commonly used to construct modern phylogenetic trees?

Which of the following is true about viruses?

Which of the following clades includes organisms that are multicellular, heterotrophic, and obtain nutrients by absorption?

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