Exploring Cardiac Output and Its Determinants

What is cardiac output?

• Volume of blood pumped by the heart in one hour

• Volume of blood pumped by the heart in one second

• Volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

• Volume of blood pumped by the heart in one day

Which two main factors are used to calculate cardiac output?

• Heart rate and stroke volume

• Blood volume and heart rate

• Heart rate and blood pressure

• Blood pressure and stroke volume

What does heart rate refer to in the context of cardiac output?

• The resistance the heart must overcome to pump blood

• The volume of blood pumped per beat

• The force of heart contractions

• The number of heartbeats per minute

What are chronotropic factors?

• Factors that change the blood volume

• Factors that change the stroke volume

• Factors that change the heart rate

• Factors that change the blood pressure

What effect does adenosine have on the heart?

• Increases heart rate

• Decreases heart rate

• Increases stroke volume

• Decreases stroke volume

What is preload in terms of cardiac output?

• The rate of heartbeats per minute

• The resistance during systole

• The volume of blood entering the ventricles during diastole

• The force of contraction of the heart

What does afterload refer to?

• The volume of blood before contraction

• The resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood

• The rate of heartbeats

• The volume of blood pumped per beat

Which factor increases contractility?

• Decreased heart rate

• Sympathetic stimulation

• Increased afterload

• Parasympathetic stimulation

How does hypertension affect cardiac output?

• Decreases afterload

• Increases afterload

• Decreases preload

• Increases preload

What role does atrial contraction play in cardiac output?

• Increases heart rate

• Decreases heart rate

• Influences preload

• Influences afterload