Understanding the Federal Budget Process

The federal budget process is complex but can be understood in three main steps. First, the White House releases a budget request, which is influenced by agency proposals. The President's budget is a proposal that Congress can modify. Second, Congress works on a budget resolution to set spending limits, crucial for discretionary spending, including R&D. Finally, Congress drafts appropriations bills to allocate funds, influenced by national interests and constituent needs. The process must be completed by September 30 to avoid a government shutdown.

What is the duration of the federal budget process?

• 6 months

• 12 months

• 18 months

• 24 months

When does the President usually release the budget request?

• January

• April

• February

• March

Which statement best describes the President's budget proposal?

• It is final and cannot be changed.

• It is a suggestion that Congress can modify.

• It is only for military spending.

• It is a secret document.

What is the first task Congress undertakes after receiving the budget request?

• Increase military funding

• Cut taxes

• Approve all spending

• Pass a budget resolution

Why is discretionary spending important for science?

• It is used for military purposes.

• It funds all federal research and development.

• It is not important for science.

• It is allocated every five years.

What happens once a spending limit is set by Congress?

• The President signs the budget immediately.

• Congress starts working on appropriations bills.

• The budget is sent back to the White House.

• The fiscal year ends.

How many appropriations bills are there in total?

• 20

• 15

• 12

• 10

What is a major factor influencing legislators' spending decisions?

• International opinions

• Constituents' views

• Media coverage

• Presidential preferences

What must Congress do if they cannot complete their work by the end of the fiscal year?

• Cut all spending

• Extend the fiscal year

• Pass a continuing resolution

• Increase taxes

Where can one find more detailed information about the federal budget process?

• aaas.org

• whitehouse.gov

• nasa.gov

• nih.gov