Why Did Kuroda's BOJ Decision Leave Markets Surprised?

The video discusses the challenges faced by central banks like the BOJ, Fed, and ECB in stimulating inflation and economic activity through monetary policy. It highlights the limitations of negative interest rates and the need for fiscal policy intervention. The discussion also covers the Japanese economy's unique challenges due to its aging population and stagnant growth. The video concludes with potential future measures, including targeted fiscal stimulus and public works, to boost economic growth.

What challenges does Japan face in stimulating inflation given its demographic trends?

In what ways might targeted fiscal stimulus measures differ from previous approaches taken by Japan?