Oxidation States Unveiled Diving into the Carbon Family's Diversity

The video discusses Group 4 elements, highlighting their 4 valence electrons and ability to exhibit +2 and +4 oxidation states. Carbon and silicon typically show a +4 state, while heavier elements like germanium, tin, and lead can form M2 ions by losing electrons in B orbitals. The inner pair effect is introduced, explaining the reluctance of heavier elements to lose NS-2 electrons. The stability of M2 ions decreases from germanium to lead, with lead's 2+ ion being the most stable. M4 ions are formed by losing 4 electrons, but their stability also decreases from germanium to lead.

What are the oxidation states that Group 4 elements can show?

Explain the inner pair effect in heavy Group 4 elements.

How does the stability of M2 ions change from germanium to lead?

Describe the process by which Group 4 metals form M4 ions.

What is the trend in the stability of M4 plus ions among Group 4 elements?