The Effects of Disturbances on Ecosystems

Ecosystems undergo growth and change until reaching stability, but disturbances like volcanoes can disrupt this balance. Primary succession occurs when an ecosystem starts anew after being completely destroyed, while secondary succession happens when some elements survive and regrow. Both processes lead to the formation of a stable ecosystem over time.

What is the state of equilibrium in an ecosystem?

What are some examples of extreme disturbances that can affect ecosystems?

Describe the process of primary succession after a volcanic eruption.

What remnants are left behind after disturbances like logging or forest fires that aid in regrowth?

How does secondary succession differ from primary succession?