Study Says Lasting Immunity Likely From Pfizer, Moderna Vaccines

A study by Washington University suggests that Pfizer and Moderna vaccines may provide long-term protection against COVID-19, potentially eliminating the need for booster shots. However, the study did not include the Johnson and Johnson vaccine. Researchers found that individuals who had COVID-19 and were later vaccinated might have lifelong immunity. The exact duration of protection from the vaccine alone remains unclear.

What is suggested about people who had COVID and later received a vaccine?

What uncertainty remains regarding the duration of protection from the vaccine alone?