Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction Concepts

The video covers cell communication, focusing on chemical signaling methods like paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic signaling. It explains signal transduction stages: reception, transduction, and response, highlighting the role of kinases and phosphorylation cascades. Specific pathways, such as GPCR and epinephrine's role in the fight-or-flight response, are detailed. The video also discusses how mutations and chemicals can disrupt these pathways, leading to diseases like cancer and diabetes. Feedback mechanisms, both negative and positive, are explained in maintaining homeostasis. The cell cycle's phases and its regulation through checkpoints and cyclins are covered, emphasizing the importance of controlled cell division to prevent cancer.

Which type of signaling involves a cell responding to its own chemical message?

• Autocrine signaling

• Endocrine signaling

• Paracrine signaling

• Synaptic signaling

What is the first stage of signal transduction?

• Reception

• Transduction

• Response

• Amplification

What role do kinases play in signal transduction?

• They deactivate proteins

• They bind to ligands

• They phosphorylate proteins

• They act as second messengers

Which receptor type is involved in the fight or flight response?

• Enzyme-linked receptors

• G protein-coupled receptors

• Ion channel receptors

• Intracellular receptors

What is the function of cyclic AMP in signal transduction?

• It acts as a primary messenger

• It binds to DNA

• It deactivates enzymes

• It serves as a second messenger

How can mutations affect signal transduction pathways?

• They have no effect on signaling

• They always enhance signal reception

• They can alter protein function

• They only affect cell division

What is the role of p-53 in cells?

• It acts as a second messenger

• It promotes cell division

• It suppresses tumors

• It binds to hormones

What is the purpose of feedback loops in biological systems?

• To inhibit gene expression

• To disrupt homeostasis

• To maintain internal balance

• To accelerate cell division

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

• Cytokinesis

• Mitosis

• DNA replication

• Cell growth

What is the result of uncontrolled cell division?

• Tumor formation

• Apoptosis

• Homeostasis

• Signal transduction