Bacterial Resistance Mechanisms and Structures

The video explores bacterial resistance to antibiotics, focusing on the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It explains how bacteria develop resistance through mechanisms like antibiotic-degrading enzymes and eflux pumps. The video also covers how bacteria acquire resistance genes via vertical and horizontal gene transfer, including conjugation, transduction, and transformation.

What is the primary structural difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

• Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer.

• Gram-negative bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer.

• Gram-positive bacteria have an outer lipid membrane.

• Gram-negative bacteria lack a peptidoglycan layer.

How do plasmids contribute to bacterial resistance?

• They destroy antibiotics directly.

• They carry resistance genes that can be expressed.

• They prevent antibiotics from entering the cell.

• They increase the thickness of the cell wall.

What role does mRNA play in bacterial resistance?

• It transports antibiotics out of the cell.

• It synthesizes proteins that confer resistance.

• It forms the cell wall.

• It breaks down antibiotics.

What is the function of an efflux pump in bacteria?

• To degrade the cell wall.

• To bind to antibiotics and neutralize them.

• To pump antibiotics out of the cell.

• To synthesize antibiotics.

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down beta-lactam antibiotics?

• Protease

• Lipase

• Beta-lactamase

• Amylase

How do some bacteria modify antibiotic binding targets?

• By removing the target proteins.

• By changing the structure of the target proteins.

• By increasing the number of target proteins.

• By hiding the target proteins inside the cell.

What is a characteristic of MRSA in terms of antibiotic resistance?

• It lacks a cell wall.

• It produces excess peptidoglycan.

• It is resistant to all antibiotics.

• It modifies the binding site of methicillin.

What is vertical gene transfer?

• Transfer of genes through viral infection.

• Transfer of genes via environmental uptake.

• Transfer of genes during bacterial replication.

• Transfer of genes between different species.

Which process involves the transfer of resistance genes through a pilus?

• Replication

• Transformation

• Transduction

• Conjugation

How does transformation contribute to bacterial resistance?

• By direct contact with another bacterium.

• By uptake of free DNA from the environment.

• By viral infection.

• By spontaneous mutation.