Apoptosis and Cellular Mechanisms

The video explores the mitochondria's role in energy production and apoptosis, contrasting apoptosis with necrosis. It highlights apoptosis in embryological development, factors triggering apoptosis, and the impact of reactive oxygen species. The mitochondria's role in apoptosis initiation, involving cytochrome c and caspases, is detailed.

What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?

• To transport nutrients

• To synthesize proteins

• To produce ATP through metabolic pathways

• To store genetic information

How does apoptosis contribute to the development of fingers and toes?

• By promoting cell growth

• By removing tissue between digits

• By increasing cell division

• By strengthening bone structure

Which of the following can trigger apoptosis in cells?

• DNA damage

• High glucose levels

• Increased cell adhesion

• Excessive protein synthesis

What role do immune cells play in apoptosis during viral infections?

• They repair damaged DNA

• They signal infected cells to undergo apoptosis

• They block viral entry into cells

• They increase nutrient supply to infected cells

What are reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

• Hormones that promote cell growth

• Proteins that repair DNA

• Oxygen species with an unstable number of electrons

• Stable oxygen molecules

How do cells mitigate damage caused by reactive oxygen species?

• By using enzymes and antioxidants

• By increasing protein synthesis

• By reducing ATP production

• By enhancing cell division

What is the role of the Bcl-2 family of proteins in apoptosis?

• They repair DNA

• They transport nutrients

• They regulate mitochondrial membrane permeability

• They synthesize ATP

What happens when cytochrome c is released into the cytoplasm?

• It activates caspases

• It repairs damaged DNA

• It increases ATP production

• It initiates protein synthesis

What is the function of caspases in apoptosis?

• To transport oxygen

• To break down proteins and DNA

• To synthesize proteins

• To increase cell adhesion

How does apoptosis differ from necrosis?

• Apoptosis is uncontrolled, while necrosis is controlled

• Both are forms of uncontrolled cell death

• Both are forms of programmed cell death

• Apoptosis is a programmed process, while necrosis is uncontrolled