Mutations and Chromosomal Changes

The video tutorial explains the concept of mutations in biology, highlighting their role in creating new genes and opportunities for evolution. It discusses how mutations occur through DNA replication errors and environmental mutagens. The tutorial categorizes mutations into point and chromosomal types, detailing their effects on genetic function. It further explores specific mutations like silent, missense, nonsense, and frame shift mutations, as well as chromosomal changes like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. The video concludes with an explanation of non-disjunction and its potential effects, such as Down syndrome.

What is the primary role of mutations in biology?

• To prevent evolution

• To ensure perfect DNA replication

• To create new genes and opportunities for evolution

• To eliminate genetic diversity

How many errors typically occur during the replication of 6 billion nucleotides in human cells?

• One error

• Six errors

• Sixty errors

• Six hundred errors

What are mutagens?

• Cells that divide uncontrollably

• Enzymes that synthesize DNA

• Chemicals or environmental factors causing DNA damage

• Proteins that repair DNA

Which of the following is an example of a mutagen?

• Ultraviolet radiation

• Visible light

• Sound waves

• Magnetic fields

What is a silent mutation?

• A mutation that changes the protein structure

• A mutation that has no effect on the protein

• A mutation that stops protein synthesis

• A mutation that deletes a gene

Which type of mutation results in a new stop codon?

• Insertion mutation

• Nonsense mutation

• Missense mutation

• Silent mutation

What happens during a chromosomal inversion?

• A gene is deleted

• A segment of DNA is flipped

• A gene is duplicated

• A chromosome is lost

What is translocation in terms of chromosomal mutations?

• A segment of DNA is inverted

• A segment of DNA is deleted

• A segment of DNA is duplicated

• A segment of DNA is moved to another chromosome

What is non-disjunction?

• A type of point mutation

• A failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

• A process of DNA repair

• A method of gene duplication

Which condition is associated with an extra chromosome 21?

• Down syndrome

• Klinefelter syndrome

• Patau syndrome

• Turner syndrome