CERN, established in 1954, is a major research complex known for its particle accelerators. The Large Hadron Collider, opened in 2008, is the world's largest accelerator, designed to explore conditions post-Big Bang. It accelerates particles to near light speed, causing collisions that release gamma rays, which are detected to study unproven phenomena. Superconducting magnets, crucial for operation, require cooling with liquid helium. Early operational issues included a faulty connection causing a helium leak, taking over a year to repair.

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