Topography and the Earth: the Mantle and the Core

The Earth's mantle, making up over 80% of its volume, extends to a depth of 2900 km. It is composed mainly of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, and iron. The mantle is divided into the upper and lower sections, with temperatures ranging from 870°C to 2200°C, causing rocks to become molten. Beneath the mantle lies the dense core, rich in iron and nickel, which may contribute to Earth's magnetic fields.

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