The Defiant Death of Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon urged Pope Paul III to excommunicate Henry VIII, possibly out of hope or justice. As her health declined, she prepared her will and wrote to Charles V to protect her daughter Mary. Despite her love for Henry, she died without her family present. Her heart was found black, possibly due to cancer or poison. Henry and Anne Boleyn showed no sorrow, celebrating instead. Catherine's funeral was modest, and Anne's miscarriage on the same day was seen as ominous. Henry refused to acknowledge Catherine as more than the Dowager Princess of Wales.

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