How Do We Know Temperatures from Thousands of Years Ago?

Researchers use climate proxies like ice cores, tree rings, and fossilized pollen to reconstruct Earth's ancient temperatures. These natural archives provide insights into past climates, as direct measurements are unavailable. By analyzing isotope ratios, air bubbles, and other physical evidence, scientists can deduce temperature changes over millions of years. Combining various proxies enhances accuracy, offering a broader perspective on climate history and highlighting the rapid changes occurring today. This understanding underscores the transient nature of human existence in Earth's climatic timeline.

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