مصر فى عصرى الأيوبيين والمماليك: الحملة الصليبية الثالثة

The Third Crusade was an attempt by European leaders Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus, and Frederick Barbarossa to reclaim Jerusalem. Despite their efforts, the Crusade failed due to Saladin's resistance. It concluded with the Treaty of Ramla in 1192, allowing Muslims to retain Jerusalem while granting Christians pilgrimage rights. Richard returned to England, and Saladin passed away in 1193.

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