The video explains the process of protein synthesis, highlighting the role of DNA in coding for proteins. It discusses how changes in DNA, or mutations, can affect protein structure and function. Mutations occur continuously due to cell division and can be influenced by external factors like chemicals and radiation. The video also differentiates between coding and non-coding DNA, explaining their roles in gene expression. While most mutations do not significantly alter protein function, some can lead to changes in protein shape and behavior, affecting cellular processes.

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