The video explains the nephron, the kidney's functional unit, detailing its role in filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation. It covers the nephron's structure, including the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. The process of filtering blood, reabsorbing essential substances, and secreting waste is discussed, along with the urine's journey from the nephron to the bladder. The video concludes with a preview of the next topic: glomerular filtration rate.

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