Classical conditioning is a learning process where a biological response is triggered by a new stimulus. Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated this by associating a metronome sound with food, leading to salivation. The food is an unconditioned stimulus causing a natural response, while the metronome becomes a conditioned stimulus through repetition. Key findings include the rapid learning with short intervals, differences in saliva composition, and the concept of extinction. Neurologically, new synaptic connections form between stimuli and responses. A classroom exercise illustrates this concept, raising questions about its application in advertising.

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