The video explains the polyol pathway, its role in converting glucose to sorbitol and then to fructose, and its significance in diabetes. It highlights the pathway's activation under high glucose levels and its importance in spermatocytes. The video also discusses the adverse effects of sorbitol accumulation in tissues with low sorbitol dehydrogenase activity, leading to diabetic complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Understanding this pathway helps in comprehending diabetes pathogenesis.

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