Oxidation States Unveiled Diving into the Carbon Family's Diversity

The video discusses Group 4 elements, highlighting their 4 valence electrons and ability to exhibit +2 and +4 oxidation states. Carbon and silicon typically show a +4 state, while heavier elements like germanium, tin, and lead can form M2 ions by losing electrons in B orbitals. The inner pair effect is introduced, explaining the reluctance of heavier elements to lose NS-2 electrons. The stability of M2 ions decreases from germanium to lead, with lead's 2+ ion being the most stable. M4 ions are formed by losing 4 electrons, but their stability also decreases from germanium to lead.

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