Organic Chemistry: Nucleophiles, Electrophiles, and Intermediates

What are the main roles of nucleophiles and electrophiles in organic reaction mechanisms?

• Nucleophiles donate protons, electrophiles accept protons.

• Nucleophiles and electrophiles both donate protons.

• Nucleophiles donate electron pairs, electrophiles accept electron pairs.

• Nucleophiles accept electron pairs, electrophiles donate electron pairs.

In a nucleophilic attack, what does the nucleophile do?

• It forms a bond with another nucleophile.

• It donates a proton to an electrophile.

• It forms a bond with an electrophile.

• It accepts an electron pair from an electrophile.

Which of the following is true about strong nucleophiles?

• They are typically neutral.

• They lack lone pairs of electrons.

• They often have a negative charge.

• They usually have a positive charge.

What makes alkyl halides good electrophiles?

• They are always positively charged.

• They can break off to allow nucleophiles to bond.

• They can easily donate electrons.

• They have a high electronegativity.

Which of the following is NOT a common electrophile?

• Carbonyl

• Carbocation

• Nucleophile

• Alkyl halide

What is the trend in stability for carbocations?

• Primary > Secondary > Tertiary

• Tertiary > Secondary > Primary

• Methyl > Tertiary > Primary

• Secondary > Tertiary > Methyl

How does hyperconjugation affect carbocation stability?

• It decreases stability by increasing electron deficiency.

• It increases stability by donating electron density.

• It has no effect on stability.

• It increases stability by removing electron density.

What is a radical in the context of organic chemistry?

• A carbon with a full octet.

• A carbon with a negative charge.

• A carbon with a positive charge.

• A carbon with a single unpaired electron.

Which type of carbon intermediate is most stable when less substituted?

• Carbocation

• Radical

• Carbanion

• All are equally stable

What is the main difference in stability trends between carbocations and carbanions?

• Carbocations are always more stable than carbanions.

• Carbocations are more stable when more substituted, carbanions are more stable when less substituted.

• Carbocations are more stable when less substituted, carbanions are more stable when more substituted.

• Carbocations and carbanions have the same stability trend.