Montserrat Eruption

What event marked the beginning of the volcanic activity on Montserrat in 1995?

• A sudden earthquake

• A loud sound resembling a jet engine

• A visible lava flow

• A change in the island's color

What is a pyroclastic flow, a major hazard from the Montserrat volcano?

• A slow-moving river of molten rock

• An avalanche of hot rock, ash, and gas

• A sudden collapse of the volcano's summit

• A cloud of toxic fumes

What was the primary consequence for the city of Plymouth due to the volcanic eruptions?

• It was completely rebuilt and repopulated.

• It was transformed into a tourist attraction.

• It was buried under volcanic debris and abandoned.

• It became a center for volcanic research.

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What does an increase in sulfur dioxide emissions from a volcano suggest?

• The volcano is entering a dormant phase.

• The magma chamber is cooling down.

• The magma chamber is hot and the volcano might erupt soon.

• The volcano is experiencing a decrease in internal pressure.

What method is used to measure ground deformation around a volcano to detect magma accumulation?

• Seismic activity monitoring.

• Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM).

• Infrared thermal imaging.

• Gas sampling with a spectrometer.

What type of seismic activity indicates that magma is actively moving within a volcano?

• Volcanotectonic (VT) earthquakes.

• Low-frequency earthquakes occurring in swarms.

• Deep-seated tectonic earthquakes.

• Surface tremors caused by wind.

What tool is used to detect rising temperatures from fumaroles, indicating magma movement?

• A seismograph.

• A total station.

• An infrared (FLIR) camera.

• A sulfur dioxide spectrometer.