Memory Concepts and Theories

What type of memory involves consciously knowing and being able to describe facts and experiences?

• Implicit memory

• Procedural memory

• Explicit memory

• Sensory memory

What are the bits of information that help us access a particular memory, like breadcrumbs leading back to it?

• Memory archives

• Retrieval cues

• Encoding signals

• Memory pathways

When you forget why you walked into a room, but then remember when you return to the place where you first thought of it, what type of memory is this an example of?

• State-dependent memory

• Mood-congruent memory

• Context-dependent memory

• Priming

What is the term for our tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the items in the middle?

• Primacy effect

• Recency effect

• Serial position effect

• Memory decay

What are the three main reasons why people forget information?

• Encoding failure, retrieval failure, and storage decay

• Lack of sleep, poor diet, and stress

• Too much information, not enough practice, and old age

• Emotional trauma, lack of interest, and brain damage

What does the forgetting curve illustrate about how we lose information over time?

• We forget information at a steady rate over time.

• We forget most information quickly at first, then the rate of forgetting slows down.

• We remember more information as time passes.

• The amount of information we forget increases steadily over time.

What is the 'misinformation effect'?

• When new learning makes it harder to remember old information.

• When prior learning makes it harder to learn new information.

• When misleading information is included in someone's memory of an event.

• When someone forgets where they learned a piece of information.

Why is eyewitness testimony often considered unreliable in legal cases?

• Eyewitnesses intentionally lie to protect criminals.

• Memories can be changed by emotions, retelling, and suggestions from others.

• Most eyewitnesses have poor eyesight or hearing.

• Judges and juries do not trust ordinary people's accounts.