Genetics and Sequencing Techniques

Which technology, developed by Kary Mullis, significantly sped up the process of copying DNA?

• Sanger Sequencing

• Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

• Shotgun Sequencing

What was one of the main goals of the Human Genome Project?

• To develop new types of weapons.

• To understand different versions of genes linked to diseases like cancer.

• To create immortalized cell lines for research.

• To discover new species of bacteria.

What was the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced?

• Humans

• Bacteria

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)

• Viruses

How does shotgun sequencing differ from Sanger sequencing?

• Shotgun sequencing is slower and more reliable.

• Sanger sequencing works on larger DNA fragments than shotgun sequencing.

• Shotgun sequencing involves fragmenting DNA and reassembling it with a computer.

• Sanger sequencing uses enzymes, while shotgun sequencing does not.

What was a major debate regarding sequenced human genes?

• Whether they could be used for cloning.

• Whether they could be patented and owned as intellectual property.

• Whether they should be kept secret from the public.

• Whether they were truly unique to each individual.

In 1998, what controversial decision did the government of Iceland make regarding its citizens' health data?

• They destroyed all health records to protect privacy.

• They sold it to a foreign government for military research.

• They licensed it to a private company to search for genes linked to illnesses.

• They made all health data publicly available online.

What was the purpose of President Clinton's executive order in 2000 related to genetics?

• To fund more genetic research.

• To prevent genetic discrimination in federal workplaces.

• To establish a national DNA database.

• To regulate the sale of genetic testing kits.

What was the main goal of the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), organized at Stanford in the 1990s?

• To create genetically modified organisms for agriculture.

• To develop new medical treatments for genetic diseases.

• To collect DNA samples from diverse populations to understand human diversity.

• To identify the genes responsible for intelligence.