Indus Valley Civilization

Why is the term "civilization" considered problematic when discussing social orders?

• It implies that other social orders are "uncivilized" or "barbarian".

• It is too difficult to define precisely.

• It only applies to societies with advanced technology.

• It excludes nomadic cultures entirely.

What was the original meaning of the word "barbarian" to the Ancient Greeks?

• Someone who was savage and violent.

• Anyone who did not speak Ancient Greek.

• A person from a nomadic tribe.

• Someone who lacked proper manners.

Which of the following is NOT listed as a characteristic of early civilizations?

• Surplus food production.

• Advanced military technology.

• Specialization of labor.

• Centralized government.

Why were river valleys ideal locations for early civilizations?

• They provided natural defenses against invaders.

• They were flat, well-watered, and floods deposited nutrient-rich silt.

• They offered easy access to mineral resources.

• They were cooler climates suitable for agriculture.

What was a primary function of seals in the Indus Valley Civilization?

• Religious offerings

• Currency for daily transactions

• Identification markers for goods and clay tablets

• Decorative elements in architecture

What product was a significant export from the Indus Valley Civilization, indicating trade with other regions?

• Bronze

• Cotton cloth

• Gold

• Spices

What evidence suggests the Indus Valley Civilization was largely peaceful?

• Extensive fortifications around cities

• Numerous depictions of battles in their art

• Very little evidence of warfare or weapons found

• Written records detailing peace treaties

Which of the following is NOT a major theory proposed by historians for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?

• Conquest by outside groups

• Environmental degradation

• Internal political strife

• Catastrophic natural disasters like earthquakes