When did Homo sapiens first appear, and what was the genetic diversity like in the early population?

• 50,000-75,000 years ago, with high genetic diversity.

• 200,000-250,000 years ago, with limited genetic diversity.

• 1 million years ago, with diverse populations across continents.

• 10,000-15,000 years ago, after the last ice age.

What was a significant consequence of the Toba Supereruption approximately 74,000 years ago?

• It led to a rapid increase in human population worldwide.

• It caused a genetic bottleneck, reducing the global human population to a few thousand.

• It created new land bridges that facilitated human migration to new continents.

• It resulted in a period of global warming, making new regions habitable.

How did early humans likely reach Australia around 60,000 years ago?

• By crossing a frozen ice bridge from Asia.

• Through a land bridge that existed between Indonesia and the Asian mainland, possibly using rafts.

• By developing advanced sailing ships capable of long ocean voyages.

• They were already present in Australia before migrating out of Africa.

What percentage of DNA in people of Eurasian descent, who are not from Africa, is estimated to be of Neanderthal origin?

• Less than 0.5%

• Approximately 1.5% to 2%

• Around 5% to 10%

• Over 20%

What was the skin tone of the early humans who arrived in India, East Asia, and Europe between 60,000 and 40,000 years ago?

• Light skin tone

• Dark skin tone

• Varied skin tones, depending on the region

• A mix of light and dark skin tones

What caused specific genes leading to depigmentation to become active in humans?

• Increased exposure to sunlight

• A diet rich in Vitamin D

• Entering regions with insufficient sunlight for Vitamin D production

• Genetic mutations unrelated to environment

When did humans gain a significantly better understanding of genetics and their close ancestral relationships?

• Before Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

• In the 19th century, with early scientific studies

• In the second half of the 20th century, after the discovery of DNA and genome sequencing

• During the early 20th century, with advancements in archaeology

Which of the following is an example of how evolutionary theory was inappropriately applied to human groups?

• Using natural selection to explain the development of different species.

• Hypothesizing that cultural behaviors like emotionality or reserve were due to inherited biological traits.

• Discovering the structure of DNA and sequencing the human genome.

• Studying primate behavior to understand competition for resources.