Genetic Variation in Evolution

What is the primary reason for the rapid proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

• The bacteria intentionally mutate to resist the drug.

• The drug causes beneficial mutations in the bacteria.

• Naturally occurring resistant bacteria survive and reproduce when non-resistant bacteria are killed.

• The bacteria learn to adapt to the drug over time.

What does the striking similarity in the early embryonic development of vertebrates like chicks, tortoises, hogs, and humans suggest?

• All vertebrates share a common ancestor.

• Embryonic development is a random process.

• Different species independently developed similar embryonic stages.

• Vertebrates are capable of interbreeding during early development.

What term describes anatomical features that are present in an organism but are no longer useful, serving as remnants of ancestral features?

• Homologous structures

• Analogous structures

• Vestigial structures

• Convergent structures

The fossil record provides evidence of intermediate forms between land mammals and ocean mammals. Which of the following is an example of such an intermediate fossil in the lineage leading to modern whales?

• Archaeopteryx

• Tiktaalik

• Pakicetus

• Dandelion

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What defines a gene pool?

• All the genes of a species within a population.

• The total number of individuals in a species.

• The genetic material of a single organism.

• The collection of all alleles for a specific trait.

Which of the following conditions is NOT required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

• No mutations.

• Small population size.

• Random mating.

• No natural selection.

What is the term for the phenomenon where a small group of individuals separates from a larger population and establishes a new colony, leading to statistically significant deviations in allele frequencies?

• Genetic drift.

• Bottleneck effect.

• Founder effect.

• Gene flow.

Which evolutionary mechanism is considered non-random because it favors beneficial adaptations that are passed on to future generations?

• Genetic drift.

• Gene flow.

• Natural selection.

• Mutation.