Topic 4.3b Signaling Pathway Changes

How does tetrodotoxin primarily affect the body?

• It enhances the production of red blood cells.

• It blocks sodium ion channels in nerve cells.

• It increases the efficiency of oxygen transport.

• It stimulates muscle contraction.

What is the correct sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?

• Transduction -> Receptors -> Messenger -> Secondary Messengers -> Cell Targets

• Messenger -> Receptors -> Transduction -> Secondary Messengers -> Cell Targets

• Receptors -> Messenger -> Secondary Messengers -> Transduction -> Cell Targets

• Messenger -> Secondary Messengers -> Receptors -> Transduction -> Cell Targets

What enzyme does the toxin produced by Anthrax bacteria target, and what is the immediate effect?

• Glucose transporter; it prevents glucose from entering cells.

• Insulin receptor; it makes cells resistant to insulin.

• Adenylate cyclase; it prevents the conversion of ATP to cAMP.

• Sodium ion channels; it causes nerve cells to over-fire.

What is the primary difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes regarding insulin's role?

• Type 1 involves insulin resistance, while Type 2 involves insufficient insulin production.

• Type 1 involves insufficient insulin production, while Type 2 involves insulin resistance.

• Type 1 affects glucose transporters, while Type 2 affects insulin receptors.

• Type 1 is caused by diet, while Type 2 is genetic.