параграф 34 Основн тенд соц-экономич развития цивилизаций мира

Что такое капитализм?

• Социальная система, основанная на частной собственности, наемном труде и рыночной экономике.

• Система, в которой правительство контролирует все средства производства.

• Экономическая система, ориентированная на коллективную собственность и совместное использование ресурсов.

• Политическая идеология, подчеркивающая государственный контроль над всеми аспектами жизни.

Какая из следующих характеристик свойственна капитализму?

• Частная собственность на средства производства

• Превращение рабочей силы в товар

• Широкое общественное разделение труда

• Господство товарного производства

• Преобладание с/х уклада жизни

Какие новые социальные группы возникли в результате перехода к капитализму?

• Буржуазия и наемные рабочие.

• Феодальные лорды и крепостные.

• Мастера гильдий и зажиточные крестьяне.

• Торговцы и ремесленники.

Which of the following was NOT a source of initial capital accumulation?

• Income from trade and usury.

• Customs duties on imported and exported goods.

• Government loans.

• Fair wages for workers.

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What was a significant consequence of the Agrarian Revolution in Western Europe starting from the 15th century?

• A decrease in agricultural productivity.

• A shift from private land ownership to communal land ownership.

• Increased population mobility and a move from rural areas to cities.

• A decline in the demand for agricultural products.

What was a primary reason for the emergence of manufactures in Europe?

• The decline of trade and commodity production.

• The inability of guilds to meet the growing demand for industrial products.

• A decrease in the wealth accumulated by merchants and entrepreneurs.

• The widespread adoption of large-scale machine industry.

What was a significant distinction of early manufactures in Russia compared to those in Western Europe?

• Russian manufactures primarily focused on luxury goods.

• Russian manufactures were initially created by the state and used forced labor.

• Russian manufactures were more technologically advanced.

• Russian manufactures were exclusively privately owned from the start.

Which country was the first to experience the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the 18th century, and what was a key element of this revolution?

• France; development of chemical industries.

• Germany; expansion of railway networks.

• Great Britain; mechanization of production.

• United States; invention of the assembly line.