The following excerpt is from the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685 CE), which was decreed by King Louis XIV of France:
"We forbid our subjects of the R.P.R. [Protestantism] to meet any more for the exercise of the said religion in any place or private house . . . We likewise forbid all noblemen . . . to hold such religious exercises in their houses or fiefs, under penalty . . . of imprisonment and confiscation. We enjoin all ministers of the said R.P.R., who do not choose to become converts and to embrace the Catholic,apostolic, and Roman religion, to leave our kingdom and the territories . . . within a fortnight."
Internet History Sourcebooks Project. www.fordham.edu/halsall

What political conditions in France led to the Edict of Fontainebleau?

In the following excerpt, a Portuguese messenger addresses a local Hindu king of southern India in 1509. The messenger asks for help in taking the Indian trading port of Calicut from Ottoman and Arab control:
"The King of Portugal commands me to render honour and willing service to all the Gentile Kings of this land . . . they are to be well treated by me, neither am I to take their ships nor their merchandise; but I am to destroy the Moors, with whom I wage incessant war, as I know he also does . . . I am prepared and ready to help him with the fleets and armies of the King . . . as often as he shall desire me to do so; and I likewise, for my part, expect that he will help us with his army,towns, harbours, and munitions, and with everything that I may require from his kingdom; and the ships which navigate to his ports may pass safely throughout all the Indian sea . . ."
Frei Luis
Which conclusion about the effects of increased trade is supported by the above excerpt?

"In spite of the industrial and commercial prosperity that France momentarily enjoys, the mass of the people, the twenty-five million peasants, suffer from a great depression. The good harvests of the past few years have forced the prices of corn much lower even than in England, and the position of the peasants under such circumstances, in debt, sucked dry by usury and crushed by taxes, must be anything but splendid. The history of the past three years has, however, provided sufficient proof that this class of the population is absolutely incapable of any revolutionary initiative. . . .Given this general prosperity, wherein the productive forces of bourgeois [middle class] society are developing as luxuriantly as it is possible for them to do within bourgeois relationships, a real revolution is out of the question. Such a revolution is possible only in periods when both of these factors—the modern forces of production and the bourgeois forms of production—come into opposition with each other."
Karl Marx, 1850
Which statement best reflects Karl Marx′s argument, according to this excerpt?

The following excerpt is an Englishman’s firsthand account of the weeks leading upto England’s Glorious Revolution (1688); in the Revolution, the Protestant rulerWilliam of Orange overthrew King James II, a Catholic
".. . . [King James II] called over 5,000 Irish, and 4,000 Scots, and continued tore move Protestants and put in [Catholics] at Portsmouth and other places of trust,and retained the Jesuits about him, increasing the universal discontent. It brought people to so desperate a pass, that they seemed passionately to long for and desire the landing of [William of Orange], whom they looked on to be their deliverer from [Catholic] tyranny . . ."
John Evelyn, diary entry, October 7, 1688Internet History Sourcebooks Project, www.fordham.edu/halsall
Using the above excerpt, what conclusion can be made about the GloriousRevolution?

From 1803 to 1815, Britain and France were at war with each other. Wars can bring economic opportunities, and American merchants hoped to sell goods to both sides. Neither Britain nor France wanted American goods to reach its enemy, so both sides imposed blockades and restrictions on neutral trade. Because Britain had the larger navy, British restrictions were the most crippling to U.S. shipping.British ships stopped American vessels, boarded them, seized contraband, and impressed sailors. American objections were ignored, leading to a U.S. declaration of war in 1812.
What conclusion can be drawn about the War of 1812?

"We, Wilhelm, by the grace of God King of Prussia, do herewith declare that we have considered it a duty to our common fatherland to answer the summons of the united German princes and cities and to accept the German imperial title. In consequence, we and our successors on the throne of Prussia will henceforth bear the imperial title in all our relations and in all the business of the German Empire,and we hope to God that the German nation will be granted the ability to fashion a propitious future for the fatherland under the symbol of its ancient glory."
Kaiser Wilhelm I, The Imperial Proclamation, January 1871Internet History Sourcebooks Project, www.fordham.edu/halsall

What ideology is present in the proclamation of Wilhelm I?

"[The rich] are led by an invisible hand to make nearly the same distribution of the necessaries of life, which would have been made, had the earth been divided into equal portions among all its inhabitants, and thus without intending it, without knowing it, advance the interest of the society, and afford means to the multiplication of the species."
Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759
How does Smith’s idea of the “invisible hand” of capitalism compare to modern-day government interventions such as the U.S.-led Marshall Plan or the social-democratic governments of Western Europe?

Capitalism — a social political-economic system characterized by individual or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market
Socialism — a political-economic system of social organization in which the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively by the community and is administered and distributed by a centralized government.
Which statement differentiates capitalism from socialism?

The Indian nationalist, Mahatma Gandhi, advocated the swadeshi movement as a protest against British rule in India in the first half of the twentieth century.The movement stressed the manufacture of Indian goods at home, especially homespun cloth, as opposed to buying British manufactured goods.
Why did Indians decide to use this strategy?

"Over the past five years, a highly sophisticated team of operatives have stealthily infiltrated more than 70 U.S. corporations and organizations to steal priceless company secrets. They did it without ever setting foot in any victim’s office. . . .This is the new face of corporate espionage. Thieves whose identities are safely obscured by digital trade-craft rather than a ski mask, are robbing companies of the ideas that are the source of American ingenuity. . . . Though this new corporate espionage is rampant and rising, calculating the damage to U.S. interests remains difficult. . . . In the aggregate, the theft of this property,including everything from sensitive defense technology to innovative industrial designs, insidiously erodes government and corporate competitive advantages among global peers. . . . U.S. companies invest considerable time and money in researching and developing new products, only to be undercut by competition,using their stolen property to make cheaper versions. Unfortunately, companies experience such losses every day . . . Yet many cyber-intrusions could be prevented by implementing sound cyber-security practices."
U.S. Commerce Secretary John Bryson, The New Face of Corporate Espionage,March 9, 2012
 Using this information, what role does cyber espionage play in global trading?